But vaccines, and particularly in the last hundred years, vaccines have been one of the most important elements in our progress.
但是疫苗,尤其是在近一百年来,疫苗已经成为,感染性疾病防治进程中最重要的一环
Doesn't respond as well to killed vaccines, and that's why the Salk vaccine has to be injected at a high dose.
但却对灭活的疫苗没有那样强烈反应,这也是索尔克氏疫苗为何,必须大剂量注射的原因
Or vaccines that could be transported more easily— the hepatitis vaccine that we get is not stable unless it's refrigerated.
或者令疫苗更易于运输,现在的肝炎疫苗一定要冷藏,否则它就不稳定
So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically.
因此,这表明随着疫苗的推广,以及接种人数的增加,该疾病的患病率显著降低
I want to spend some time on that until we talk about-- before we talk about development of the polio vaccine.
我想多花些时间讨论这个问题,在我们讨论,在我们讨论脊髓灰质炎疫苗的发展之前
She was part of the clinical trial that did this, and they gave everybody certificates after it was done.
她当时就在参与疫苗的临床试验,试验后他们会给每个参与者颁发一个证明
This curve here with the square shows you how many millions of vaccine doses were distributed across the U.S.
这个带方形的曲线图显示了,在美国数以百万计的,疫苗是如何使用的
For example, what if you could make a hepatitis vaccine that was good in one shot instead of three shots?
比方说,如果你研制的一种肝炎疫苗,只需接种一次,而不是三次会怎么样
Why is it difficult in some cases to produce a vaccine when we've been successful in so many others?
为什么某些疾病的疫苗很难研制,即使我们已经成功生产了很多种疫苗
So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.
因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗
In contrast today, because we have antibiotics and we have vaccines, people don't die of infectious diseases as often.
相反,在现在,因为我们有了抗生素和疫苗,死于感染性疾病的人就不像以前那么多
One can stop spread of disease through a community without being 100% effective in each person who gets the vaccine.
疫苗能够遏制疾病在整个社区中传播,虽然对于每个人来说它并非百分之百有效
Like we talked about with insulin; make large quantities of this recombinant viral protein, and use that as a vaccine.
就像我们讲过的胰岛素,生成大量重组的病毒蛋白,并将其作为疫苗使用
You get a vaccine for chicken pox, it gets injected, and sometime later you're going to be protected against it.
当你拿到水痘疫苗,并注射入体内后,一段时间之后,你就可以免于感染
You can't go to school in this country, and in many countries, until you've had your prescribed set of vaccinations.
在我国,接种规定的疫苗之前,许多国家也一样,你都不能去上学
One is if you have to coordinate how you're going to give this vaccine to two million children across the U.S.
首先必须协调合作,如何才能将疫苗,分发给全美国二百万孩子
Then that subunit was purified and formulated into the vaccine, the kinds of vaccines that you and I got.
然后亚基被纯化出来并制成疫苗,也就是你我被注射的那种疫苗
And so that very practical consideration turns out to be important in how we use vaccines in real populations.
所以,如何使疫苗接种更便于,实际操作就变得非常重要
There's no company that's making smallpox vaccine anymore because there's no reason to make smallpox vaccine, because nobody would buy it, right?
没有公司还生产天花疫苗,因为没有人购买天花疫苗,因此早就没有理由继续生产它了,对吧
Availability of this freeze-dried vaccine made it, then, possible to think about vaccinating people all over the world.
冻干疫苗的应用能使医护人员,考虑向全世界人民接种疫苗
You've all been immunized for Hepatitis B, would you be happy to hear that that's where your Hepatitis B vaccine came from?
你们都对乙型肝炎具有免疫力了,如果你知道你的乙型肝炎疫苗,是从何而来的话,你还会高兴的起来吗
But unlike the Cowpox virus, vaccinea, that we talked about before, this is the real disease causing agent.
但是同我们之前曾讨论过的,牛痘病毒疫苗的不同之处在于,这是可以直接致病的病毒
The clinical trial was designed such that almost two million elementary school children were given this test vaccine.
该临床试验的计划是,向近二百万的小学学生,接种这种测试疫苗
So, that's another example of the difference between a vaccine that works, and a vaccination that works, right?
所以,这个例子讲的是研发疫苗和,研究疫苗接种的不同之处,对吗
It wasn't until the 20th century, so almost 200 years later, that we learned how to do this.
在詹纳研制出天花疫苗二百多年后,直到二十世纪,我们才知道如何做到这一点
Knowing what you know now, any concerns about taking the oral polio vaccine instead of getting the shot?
依据当前结果,你对口服疫苗替代,注射疫苗有何担心吗
And we're going to do that by talking about some examples, some historical examples, in the sort of technology and vaccine development.
我们将通过讨论一些例子来讲解这个主题,一些历史上的例子,关于科技和疫苗发展的例子
So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen.
我们现在考虑的这种抗原,是一种特别设计的疫苗,它能够诱发免疫效应以消灭病原体
And so even people that got vaccinated, most of us either have questionable or no protection against the virus at this point.
所以就算那些接种过天花疫苗的人,到那时候也不一定,或者压根无法抵御病毒
This is the vaccine that you probably took; the vaccine that's still most widely used in the U.S.
你可能也服用过这种疫苗,在美国这种口服疫苗至今
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