We know now that it's caused by a related virus, called vaccinia, remember the virus that causes smallpox is called variola.
我们现在知道这病由一种相关的病毒引起,这种病毒叫牛痘病毒,想想天花病毒也被叫做牛痘病毒
But unlike the Cowpox virus, vaccinea, that we talked about before, this is the real disease causing agent.
但是同我们之前曾讨论过的,牛痘病毒疫苗的不同之处在于,这是可以直接致病的病毒
And he produced a fluid from cowpox lesions, so these were these lesions, these skin lesions on cows.
他生产出一种取自牛痘,即牛皮肤上的瘢痕的液体
So, how could you produce--the question is, how could you produce large quantities of this- of this microorganism, this virus vaccinia under controlled conditions?
问题是该怎么进行生产,你怎么大批量生产这种微生物,即在可控条件下生产牛痘病毒
Well, it turns out that we could not identify, at least at that point, a cell culture that would serve as a host for vaccinia.
然而我们还不能断定,至少这个时候无法断定,这些被感染的细胞就是牛痘病毒的宿主
And so in the 1940s, a group of people led by Collier started to develop a large scale production method for making a reliable source of vaccinia virus.
在二十世纪四十年代,科利尔带领一群人开始研究,一种大规模的生产方法,这种方法能制得牛痘病毒的可靠来源
But variola, which causes smallpox in humans, and vaccinia, which causes a disease called cowpox in cattle, turned out to be, we now know, viruses that are molecularly very similar.
但是导致天花的人痘病毒,和导致牛痘,的牛痘病毒,后来发现其实是,我们现在知道,这两种病毒在分子水平上十分相似
Vaccination from cows, and that's where the first vaccine came from.
从牛身上获取牛痘疫苗,这是疫苗首次亮相
And he kept track of how many people he gave the vaccines to, and then he kept track of what would happen to those people when a smallpox infection occurred in their community.
他与接种过牛痘的人保持联系,关注当天花在这些人周围肆虐时,他们身上发生了什么
When you would take the fluid from the cow, and you would inject it underneath the skin of a person you wanted to protect, then at that site where you injected it, you would get a lesion that looked like a smallpox or cowpox lesion.
当你从奶牛上得到脓液,并把脓液注射到想受到保护的,人的皮肤下面,然后在你注射的地方,你会看到像天花或者牛痘一样的病变
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