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In fact, sometimes I think that in so far if there is an ethical difference, it favors the lethal injection.
其实，如果这两种方式的确有伦理上的,差别，那么伦理道德，更倾向于注射死亡。
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Doesn't respond as well to killed vaccines, and that's why the Salk vaccine has to be injected at a high dose.
但却对灭活的疫苗没有那样强烈反应,这也是索尔克氏疫苗为何,必须大剂量注射的原因
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I don't think it very relevant whether the death comes about because you withdraw life support, like a ventilator, or because you actually decide to end that child's life by giving the child a lethal injection.
我觉得这也与造成死亡的原因无关,无论是通过撤走维持生命的仪器，比如呼吸机，还是通过药物注射,结束孩子的生命。
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One experiment a post doc of mine did was he took these cells and injected them back in to the ear into the otic vesicle at the stage where we think the cells are in development.
我的一位博士后做了一个实验,他提取出这些细胞,然后注射到,处于发育阶段的,耳部泡囊中。
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They want to know where it comes from, who grew it in some cases, how many miles it got transported, what was put on the food as it was being produced, what was given to the animals or injected into them as the beef was coming out, or the pork, or the chicken and these will be very interesting topics to discuss.
人们希望知道食物从何而来,由谁种植的,从多远的地方运过来,在加工过程中,在食物中添加了什么,人们看到牛肉,猪肉或鸡肉时,会想知道这些动物,都被注射了什么,这些话题讨论起来都会很有意思
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You get a vaccine for chicken pox, it gets injected, and sometime later you're going to be protected against it.
当你拿到水痘疫苗,并注射入体内后,一段时间之后,你就可以免于感染
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Then that subunit was purified and formulated into the vaccine, the kinds of vaccines that you and I got.
然后亚基被纯化出来并制成疫苗,也就是你我被注射的那种疫苗
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Botox is an injection of a molecule, or a complex molecule but a molecule, so in what ways would that be Biomedical Engineering?
肉毒杆菌素是一种注射用分子,或者说是一种复杂的分子,但它只是一种分子,它与生物医学工程有怎样的联系呢
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And the way that India healers did this was by putting pieces of this in your nose, or injecting it under your skin.
印度医疗者的方法是,把这些磨碎的东西放进你的鼻子里,或者注射进皮肤里
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So she got a certificate at the end thanking her for participating in the clinical trial, and also telling her to go get the real vaccine because she hadn't had it yet.
试验最后,她得到了一个证明其参与,这项临床试验的证书,并且被告之要去注射真的疫苗,因为她还没有被注射过
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So if you could make a hepatitis B vaccine that didn't require a shot or that didn't require refrigeration, that would be a tremendous advance in spreading that vaccine through the world.
所以如果你可以开发出这样的乙肝疫苗,它不需注射就能接种,或者不需要冷藏,这样的巨大进步,能够将疫苗的使用普及至全世界
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And that's an engineering problem that we're going to talk a lot about, how to deliver drugs so that you get the action that you want, at the site that you want and not the toxicity.
这的确是一个工程学问题,我们马上就来讨论,如何把药物注射到你想要它起作用的部位,而不产生毒性
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Knowing what you know now, any concerns about taking the oral polio vaccine instead of getting the shot?
依据当前结果,你对口服疫苗替代,注射疫苗有何担心吗
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The powder you could ship anywhere, and reconstitute it onsite, and then it gets injected.
你可以把粉末运送到任何地方,就地恢复活性,并将其注射到人体内
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And I've already given you some clues about this, in that this process of vaccination that Jenner had developed was intentionally injecting into healthy patients, a microorganism.
我刚刚已经向你们提示了一些,在詹纳发明的接种过程里,故意把微生物注射到健康病人身上
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so this is hundreds of millions of doses that were given.
数据显示已有数亿支疫苗被注射
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Now, the polio vaccine that Salk produced was very effective, but it required a fairly large dose of the vaccine and it had to be injected into the arms of children.
索尔克生产的小儿麻痹症疫苗效果显著,但是,该疫苗的单支注射剂量非常大,而且必须通过小孩的手臂进行注射
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And they also developed a very reliable way for introducing the virus, so that when they had a defined preparation of virus, then you want to make sure that everybody gets it in their skin in the right way.
他们还发明了一种可靠的方法来引入病毒,当人们有了确定的病毒制剂之后,就要要保证这些制剂都以正确的方式,注射至皮下
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You have to inject it multiple times because the first blip that you get in immune response is not very high, you have to boost and often you have to boost again in order to get a high enough response to be protected.
你必须得进行多次注射,因为第一次注射,无法使免疫系统产生强烈反应,你得要增强免疫,通常还得再增强一次,以使反应足够强烈,从而起到保护作用
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If we injected it into a muscle let's say, and your muscle cells took up this plasmid.
比如说,如果我们将其注射入肌肉内,则肌肉细胞就可以吸收这些质粒
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That would be a subunit vaccine because I'm purifying a subunit of the virus that could be injected and hopefully induce an immune response.
那将会产生疫苗,因为我提取的是病毒的亚基,可以被注射并且有可能引发免疫应答
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If you could take your five year-old or eight year-old in to get a vaccine that was orally administered instead of a shot that's a much easier thing to do.
如果你带着五岁或者八岁的孩子,去口服而不是去注射疫苗,那将会轻松许多
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Those two examples I just gave you, one had to directly inject a gene containing vector into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg and you don't have that opportunity in adults.
在我刚给出的两个例子里,一个必须得将带有目的基因的载体,直接注射到受精卵的原核中,这在成年人身上行不通
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Plus it makes it, as I talked about last time, much easier to think about distributing the vaccine around the world because shots require skilled medical personnel, whereas, an oral vaccine could be self-administered.
而且,这会使得,就像我上次谈到的,这会使得疫苗更容易在世界范围内分发,因为注射需要专业医疗人员,但是,口服疫苗自己就可以服用
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Would you like to get that vaccine?
你会注射那种疫苗吗
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If you delivered Botox all over your body that wouldn't be a good thing, it might not even be a good thing if you delivered it one place in your body, but it's definitely not good if you deliver it everywhere.
如果你把肉毒杆菌素注射到全身,这可不是个好事情,即使仅注射到身体的某一部位,也不见得有多好,不过全身注射会更糟糕
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When you would take the fluid from the cow, and you would inject it underneath the skin of a person you wanted to protect, then at that site where you injected it, you would get a lesion that looked like a smallpox or cowpox lesion.
当你从奶牛上得到脓液,并把脓液注射到想受到保护的,人的皮肤下面,然后在你注射的地方,你会看到像天花或者牛痘一样的病变
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It's the one where you have to get three shots over a period of six months, and so you have to remember to go back, you get a first ba--you get a first shot, you have to remember to go back after a month and get a second shot, you have to go back after six months and get a third shot.
这种疫苗需要在六个月里注射三次,所以你要记得再去,你第一次,你第一次注射后,你要记得一个月后再去注射第二次,六个月后,你还得再去注射第三次
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So, you didn't know at the beginning, you knew you were enrolled in the trial, they gave you a shot, you didn't know whether you were part of the real group that got the test vaccine or the placebo group that got the control; turned out that Bonnie was part of the control group.
一开始你可能不清楚全过程,你只知道你参与了一项试验,他们给你打了一针,你不知道你是属于接种了,试验疫苗的真实试验组,还是属于被注射了安慰剂的空白对照组,结果显示,邦妮属于对照组
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The cell is a fertilized egg, so you take a fertilized egg and you directly inject plasma DNA into the pronucleus, into one of the pronucleus--pronuclei.
供试细胞是受精卵,当你获得一枚受精卵,可以直接将胞质DNA注射到,它的一个原核中
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