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When Darius II died, who was the king of the Persians, Alexander himself took on Darius's title, which was Great King.
波斯国王大流士二世死后，亚历山大使用了大流士的头衔，也就是“大帝“
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But I remember when I was really young, I had an aunt who lived in Boston.
但我记得在我很小的时候，有一个在波斯顿生活的姨妈，
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Alexander defeated the Persian Army, which at that time controlled all of Asia Minor, Modern Turkey, and had even threatened to control Greece.
亚历山大大败波斯军队，波斯人当时控制了整个小亚细亚，现代土耳其，甚至扬言要占领希腊。
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But we quickly see that the people referred to as Basileus in Homer are not like the great King of Persia.
但回溯一下那些在《荷马史诗》中被称为,巴赛勒斯的人,却并不像波斯王那样强大
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Like the furious Bacchae, the furious Atropos emasculates the man who dares to aspire to poetic greatness.
正如愤怒的酒神女伴一样，愤怒的特洛波斯阉割了,这希冀成为伟大诗人的人。
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It's very common to find stories of the extraordinary events that surround the birth of someone who will later become great: Cyrus of Persia, Oedipus, Jesus, and so on.
经常有关于非同寻常事件的故事,围绕着那些后来很伟大的人们的出生：,如波斯的赛勒斯，俄狄浦斯，耶酥等等。
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The countries that really matter are the ones that -the Arabian--are the Persian Gulf countries; I was just talking to people at the World Economic Forum about that.
有问题的国家是那些,阿拉伯的。。。是那些波斯湾附近的国家;,我才在世界经济论坛跟人讨论过这个。
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When Alexander gets to Persia, or let's say when he gets to Egypt, he knows that there is this god Isis, this female god Isis, that's very important.
亚历山大抵达波斯时，这么说吧，他来到埃及后，发现当地有个叫艾西斯的神，这位艾西斯女神地位非常崇高。
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He defeated the Persian Army in Asia Minor at Granicus, the Battle of Granicus, in 334.
他在小亚细亚的格拉尼库斯击败波斯军队，也就是公元前334年的格拉尼库斯河战役。
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He invaded and he was clobbered, and then you read the splendid story Herodotus tells of how he was captured.
他大举入侵波斯,但惨遭重创,接着,你就读到希罗多德,讲述他如何被俘的故事了
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After defeating the Persians again, he pushed his army all the way to the Indus River in India, to the western part of what's now India, and what was then called India also by Greeks.
再次击败波斯军队后，他一路推进，抵达了印度的印度河，如今的印度西部，当时希腊人也称之为印度。
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The Persians broke through the middle but just before that, the Athenian wings crushed the Persian wings and set them running for their ships.
波斯军差点就从中路突破了,但就在千钧一发之际,雅典军的两翼击溃了波斯军的两翼,波斯人逃向自己的船只
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So he would identify himself as a Greek god with a Persian god.
比如他自称某希腊神，与波斯神联系来。
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And that explains the succession of rulers that have held the region: the Egyptians, the Amorites, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Greek Ptolemies, the Seleucids, the Romans, and the list continues as we go on into the medieval and the modern periods.
这也解释了众多的统治者占领这一地区的原因：,埃及人，亚摩利人，以色列人，亚述人，巴比伦人，波斯人，希腊人，希腊的托勒密人，塞琉西人，罗马人，这个列表可以继续下去,如果我们考察中世纪和现代时期。
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Okay, now when you're fighting, if you're fortunate enough, and the Greeks were sometimes fortunate enough to fight people who were not hoplites, like when the Persians came at them they fought hoplites against non-hoplites.
好的,当你进行战斗时,如果你运气够好,而希腊人有时也够走运,能和非方阵的战士战斗,比如当波斯人前来叫阵,他们就是以方阵部队对抗非方阵部队
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He said, "If I cross the Halys River, that's the boundary between Lydia and Persia, what will happen?" The oracle replied, "A great empire will be destroyed," And Croesus said, "Terrific that's what I have in mind."
如果我跨过了哈吕斯河,那是吕底亚和波斯的分界线,会有什么后果,神谕回答说,一个伟大的帝国将被摧毁,于是克洛伊索斯说,太棒了,正如我愿
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Well, the most famous early on, King Croesus of Lydia, the richest man in the world,you've heard all about him, decides it would be a nice thing to conquer the Persian Empire, his neighbor to the east.
最著名的就是吕底亚的克洛伊索斯国王,之前已经讲过,他是世上最富有的人,他觉得征服他东方的邻居,波斯帝国,是一个不错的事
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For instance, in historical times when the Greeks referred to the great King of Persia, who was a real king and a powerful figure, a king in every sense, the word they used for him was Basileus.
比如说,在历史上,希腊人把伟大的波斯王,一个真正在各种领域,具有绝对权力的君主,称之为巴赛勒斯
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If you're talking about the year 750 or something like that it's-- I think it's in the hands, well, it is in the hands of the Assyrians and it will ultimately fall into the hands of the Persians.
如果是说大约公元前750年左右,我想它先是,落入古亚述人之手,最后又被波斯所占领
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The blind Fury here is the mythological figure Atropos; this is the Fate that cuts the slender thread by which our lives dangle.
这里的暴怒是指神话人物阿特洛波斯;,命运剪断了维系生命的细线。
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He wanted to go all the way to the Ganges River, but his army forced him to turn back.
他还想继续向恒河进军，但是他的军队迫使他返回波斯。
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So that is not territory that you can build colonies; you've got powerful empires to deal with.
因此在那里,你要面临波斯帝国的强权,当然不适宜建立希腊殖民地
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The Persian infantry did not have heavy armor, they did not have that kind of a shield, they had wicker shields; fortunately, we have vase paintings that show us Persians.
波斯步兵没有重装甲,他们没有那种盾,他们只有藤条盾,很幸运,我们找到了展示波斯人图景的花瓶
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In the famous battle of Marathon, which I will tell you about when we get there, one of its features is that because the Greeks were numerically badly inferior to the Persians, they had this problem of covering the line.
比如在著名的马拉松战役,迟些我们会讲到,马拉松战役中,希腊军队,在人数上远不敌波斯军队,这为布阵造成很大的困难
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Another fact is that we are told that when Alexander the Great went out to conquer the Persian Empire, and as far as he was concerned,to conquer everything he could reach, he carried with him a copy of the Iliad which it is alleged he put under his pillow.
另一个事实是,据说当亚历山大大帝,出征去征服波斯帝国时,对他而言,就是去征服他能达到的一切,他随身带着一本《伊利亚特》,据说放在他的枕头底下
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