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Julius Caesar capitalized on his role as a general of a large army that was at the time winning battles in Gaul, modern France.
恺撒利用他的将领身份，他的军队,当时在高卢，现代法国，赢得了战争。
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So, France has this provisional government-- you can read about this stuff, it's not that interesting; well, it's passionately interesting.
法国的临时政府,你会读到相关资料的,它没什么意思,好吧,它非常有激情有意思
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Suppose all that happened was I stood right on the border and peered into France, talked to some people in France.
假设我只是曾经,站在法国的边境线上看过法国,同处在法国的人聊过天
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In fact, he actually emphasized a concept that was first stated by a French philosopher Louis Blanc in the mid-nineteenth century.
事实上，他特别看重,一个由法国哲学家路易·勃朗,在十九世纪中期,率先提出的概念。
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The association of Catholicism as the dominant religion in both of the enemy countries, France and Spain, is extremely important.
作为这两个敌国的国教,天主教会和法国及西班牙的联系举足轻重
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He moves out and he goes on -- and of course, he's still being supported quite generously by his father -nonetheless, he goes on an extended tour through France and Italy.
他搬了出去，并且继续独自前行，尽管如此，他父亲还是慷慨的给予他大量的支持,他去了法国和意大利旅行。
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The example, and the ideas it produced, encouraged and informed the French and the American revolutions, and the entire modern constitutional tradition.
这次革命和它的理念,促成了,法国和美国的大革命,并使现代宪法制度得以发展
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Metonymy is the delay or perpetual, as we gathered also from Derrida, differance of signification.
转喻具有那种延期和永恒的特质，这也是我们从法国人，德里达那本《书写与差异》的书中看出来的。
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Comedy Oh the Comedy Francaises And it's not natural ? Then why should it be natural?
法国喜剧,的确，是法国喜剧,并且那是不自然的,那么为什么它应该显得不自然呢？
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If you take newborn babies-- It's very hard to do research with newborn babies actually because of the consent procedure and everything, so most of this work is done in France, where they have no laws at all.
如果你去找些新生儿,由于知情同意书以及其他的问题,研究新生儿实际上是非常困难的,因此大部分的研究都是在法国进行的,因为法国并没有任何与此有关的法规
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A Napoleon who was in one place in France and is now simultaneously in two places in the U.S.
曾在法国某地的一个拿破仑,现在同时出现在美国两个地方。
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The central banks still exist so you still have the Bank of France the Deutsche Bundesbank etc.
中央银行仍然存在,所以我们现在仍然有法国银行,德意志银行等等。
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Well, of course, that's not the case, that's a sort of a myth for the French Revolution as well.
当然了,这只是个传说而已,这也是关于法国大革命的一个传说罢了
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Okay,so here was Napoleon back in France with his memories and his beliefs and so forth and so on.
这是在法国的拿破仑，拥有他的记忆,信念等等的东西。
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How did it get this way? Just thinking over the long run, How did France end up so centralized?
为什么会这样,从长远来看,法国为何变得如此中央集权化
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This will be important to try and understand the French revolution, La Revolution francaise, that there's a difference between absolutism and despotism.
这个观点对于尝试理解法国大革命很重要,绝对主义和专制主义是有区别的
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You'll learn a lot about France in here, but we don't ask you questions like that, "What two rivers meet in Lyons?"
你在这能学到很多关于法国的东西,但是我们不会考你类似于,"哪两条河在里昂交汇"之类的问题
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Still, I never went in, but for all that I might have something helpful to say about what it's like in France.
确实我从未踏进那片土地,即便如此,这仍有助于我谈论,法国是个什么样的国家
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In the case of France again, they are the work of a brilliant military engineer called Vauban, v-a-u-b-a-n.
例如法国,在佩皮尼昂 里尔 蒙梅迪等地方,这样的要塞城镇随处可见
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But what's interesting about that is why this particular village became the symbol for martyrdom in France. Why?
但关键是为什么就这个村子,成了法国殉难的象征,为什么
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They share those things in common, which is not to say that a country like France wasn't urbanized.
这是他们两国的共同点,但也不是说,像法国这样的国家没有城市化
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It does not take one to know one; to understand the truths about the French, you do not yourself need to be French.
这不需要同类互知,你不需要是法国人,才能了解法国人
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In Alsace almost everybody, as you will see later, spoke German dialect. But it didn't mean, if you asked somebody, "Are you French?"
在阿尔萨斯基本上每个人,你以后就知道,说一种德语方言,但也不是说,你要问别人,"你是法国人吗"
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Europe,which is going to erase these license plates and are going to take away part of what it means to live in France.
欧洲,想要清除这些国别特征,并想抹消属于法国的那部分
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And as France held its breath,because they wanted a boy, this miracle baby was born,l'enfant du miracle.
法国十分紧张,他们想要一个男孩儿,然后这个孩子诞生了,奇迹之子
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Now,and then here comes the French Revolution, and what does the French Revolution want to do?
现在,我们回到法国大革命这一议题,法国大革命的诉求是什么
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Even though decentralized England expands its bureaucracy and collected taxes much more efficiently than across the channel in France, state-making involved more officials there.
即使是在分权的英国 官僚政府也日益扩大,他们比海峡对岸的法国有着更多苛捐杂税,现代国家的形成需要更多的官员
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There was a sense that she'll never be from the village, she's from somewhere else; but, sometime between 1750 and maybe 1990 most-- almost everybody in France began seeing themselves as French.
就是有一种感觉,她从来也不是本村人,她是外地来的,但是,在1750年到最晚1990年之间的某段时间,基本上所有在法国的人都认为自己是法国人
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Despite all of the--Mitterrand's plans for decentralization, and the creation of regional councils, basically France remains the most centralized state in Western Europe, and the role of Paris in French life does not have an equivalent in other European countries.
尽管密特朗计划在法国实施,去中央集权化并创立地方议会,法国基本上还是西欧,中央集权化程度最高的国家,巴黎在法国的地位是欧洲其它国家的城市,所不能比拟的
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