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z So, this is what we find the actual z effective is for an electron in the helium atom.
所以这就是我们得到了实际有效的,对于一个氦原子的电子。
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So let's take two cases of shielding if we're talking about, for example, the helium, a helium nucleus or a helium atom.
所以我们来对屏蔽举两个例子,如果我们在讨论氦，举例来说一个氦原子核或者氦原子。
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It could be hydrogen, it could be helium plus, it could be lithium double plus and so on.
它可能是氢，可能是带一个正电荷的氦，也可能是带两个正电荷的锂，等等。
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Versus looking at, for example, helium or neon or argon, these are all inert gases, inert meaning essentially do not react, those were grouped together in the periodic table.
相反，他发现氦，氖，氩，都是惰性气体，惰性的意思是基本不参与化学反应，因此把它们放在周期表中的同一类里。
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Again we have the charge of the nucleus on plus 2, +2 but let's say this time the electron now is going to be very, very close to the nucleus.
对于我们的氦原子，我们有一次得到了原子核电荷量为,但是我们说这次电子。
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He's trying to put eight electrons around helium, and it isn't working. But look down here.
他尝试把8个电子放在氦的周围，但那不行，但注意到这里。
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Alpha particles are these helium nuclei, and they are the result of radioactive decay.
阿尔法粒子是氦核，它们是放射性衰变的产物。
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Similarly we see as we go down the table, so as we're going from one row to the next row, so, for example, between helium and lithium, we see a drop; the same with neon to sodium, we see a drop here.
同样地，我们来看看沿着周期表往下走，当我们从一行到下一行时，比如，从氦到锂，我们看到了一个下落;,从氖到钠也一样，我们看到这里有个下落。
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And there he was able to identify the alpha particle as the helium nucleus.
他证实了,阿尔法粒子就是氦核。
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s2 And, in this case, I start with helium -is 1s2.
在这种情况心爱，氦开始的是。
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Yeah, good. So, they're actually helium atoms, helium ions. And this wasn't really important for the studies, it didn't matter that didn't know what they are but it's nice to kind of know now - that we do know what they were using.
氦粒子，这对他们的研究并不重要,他们并不需要知道它是什么,但我们最好知道,他们当时用的是什么。
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He goes back and redoes the calculation, only in this case he says what I am going to do is I am going to redo the calculation for helium, but I am going to consider not just the mass of the electron but the reduced mass of the system.
他回去重新做了计算，仅在这种情况下他才会说说我将要,为氦重做计算，但我认为,不只是电子的质量,还有系统质量的减少量。
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You've got an electron donor with a powerful urge to become neon-like.
你已经有了一个电子给体,它有这巨大动力要变成和氦一样的结构。
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So, all that's left is the helium nucleus, two protons, two neutrons.
仅留下氦核，两个质子，两个中子。
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If you think about what happens when we go from hydrogen to helium, now instead of one electron, we have to describe two electrons, so now we have six position variables that we need to plug into our Schrodinger equation.
如果你们考虑,当我们从氢到氦会发生些什么，现在我们不是要描述一个电子，我们将要描述两个电子，所有我们现在将有6个位置变量,需要加入至薛定谔方程。
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We have a helium nucleus and one electron.
我们有一个氦核和一个电子。
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So what is the charge on a helium nucleus?
那么氦原子核的电荷量是多少呢？
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So, helium plus is a one electron system.
所以氦正离子是一个单电子系统。
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If helium loses on electron, what do we have?
如果氦原子失去了一个电子，我们得到了什么？
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Whatever the n number is, with the exception of helium, helium is the oddity because there's only two elements in n equals one shell.
无论n是多少，除了氦之外，氦是个特例,因为只有两个元素,在n为1的这一层。
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Does anyone know more than what Rutherford knew at the time, what alpha particles actually are?
知道alpha粒子是什么吗？,是的，很好，它们实际上是氦原子？
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If we look at n equals one, here is n equals one, hydrogen and helium.
先看n等于1的情况，这里有个n等于1的例子，氢和氦。
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Here is another 1s, atomic orbital for helium.
这是另外一个1s，氦的原子轨道。
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So, for example, 1s1 again we see hydrogen is 1 s 1, helium we say is 1 s 2, or 1 s squared, 1s2 so instead of writing out the 1 s 1 and the 1 s 2, we just combine it 1s22s1 as 1 s squared, lithium is 1 s 2, 2 s 1.
简化符号所以举例来说，我们又看到氢是，氦是1s2或者1s的平方，所以不是将它写为1s1和1,而是我们将它合并为1s的平方,锂是。
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