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The question of whether discriminant conditioning has been used with babies to explore what sort of concepts they have.
这个问题是,在探究婴儿拥有什么类型的概念时,是否对婴儿应用了判别式条件作用
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And, in general, the idea of what goes on in classical conditioning is that the response is sort of a preparation.
一般认为，在经典条件作用中,反应就是某种准备过程。
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There, Newton doesn't tell you what forces are going to be acting on a body in a given situation.
在式子里,牛顿没有告诉你,在给定条件下,有哪些力,作用在物体上
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And there are various forces that play in the nucleus that will dictate when this will be stable and when it won't be.They isolated it, but it decays very quickly on the order of microseconds Lifetime on the order of microseconds.
在原子核中有很多种力,都会产生作用，当条件是稳定的,还有当它不是的时候，它们提取出来，但是它会以微秒的速度衰变,生命只有几微秒长。
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The findings of classical conditioning have been extended and replicated in all sorts of animals including crabs, fish, cockroaches and so on.
经典条件作用在所有的动物研究中,都得到了扩展和重复,这些动物包括了螃蟹，鱼类，蟑螂等。
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He developed the theory of classical conditioning by making a distinction between two sorts of conditioning, two sorts of stimulus response relationships.
他通过区分两种条件作用,两种刺激反应关系，提出了经典条件作用理论。
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More speculatively, classical conditioning has been argued to be implicated in the formation of sexual desire, including fetishes.
更大胆的推测则是，经典条件作用,涉及了性欲形式的形成，包括了恋物癖的形成。
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Part of the problem with using operant conditioning with babies is it's difficult to get them to behave in any systematic way.
应用操作性条件作用的部分问题在于,很难使婴儿们按照系统的方式行动
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Well, when Pavlov, for instance, started before conditioning there was simply an unconditioned stimulus, the food in the mouth, and an unconditioned response, saliva.
比如，在条件作用形成之前,只是简单的存在着无条件刺激，即食物，以及无条件反应，即唾液。
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So, this all seems a very technical phenomena related to animals and the like but it's easy to see how it generalizes and how it extends.
经典条件作用似乎是关于动物的,科学现象,但其实典条件作用发生,及其相关概念都简单易懂。
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And because of operant conditioning, the baby is driven towards the adult.
因为操作性条件作用，婴儿跟着成年人。
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It's that what happens in classical conditioning is preparation.
它认为，经典条件作用只是准备阶段。
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Mechanisms like habituation, classical conditioning and operant conditioning are real; they can be scientifically studied; and they play an important role in the lives of animals and probably an important role in human lives as well.
诸如习惯化，经典条件作用，操作性条件作用之类的机制,都是真实存在的;,这些机制都能得到科学的研究;,它们在动物的生活里起到了重要的作用,或许在我们人类的生活中,也同样起到了重要的作用。
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This almost certainly is not the right story but again, just as in phobias, some ideas of classical conditioning may play some role in determining what we like and what we don't like sexually.
这个解释肯定是错的,但是，与在恐惧症中的作用相同，经典条件作用,或许对我们在性活动方面的喜恶,起着一定的决定作用。
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As a result of this sort of conditioning, he then when he experiences real world violence, he responds with nausea and shock; basically, training him to get away from these acts of violence.
作为这种条件作用的结果，当他在现实中经历暴力行为时，便会引起恶心和休克;,总体来说，就是训练他远离暴力行为。
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It was thought up by Pavlov.
经典条件作用是巴甫洛夫提出的。
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Instrumental conditioning is voluntary.
工具性条件作用则是有机体的自发行为。
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What's classical conditioning for?
那么经典条件作用有何作用？
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And what this is in a very general sense is the learning of an association between one stimulus and another stimulus, where stimulus is a technical term meaning events in the environment like a certain smell or sound or sight.
一般来说,经典条件作用是指在一个刺激,和另一个刺激之间形成联结，这里的刺激是一个专业术语,意思是环境中出现的事件,比如某种味道，声音或景观。
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So the strong classical conditioning stories about fetishes and fears sound silly and extreme and they probably are but at the same time classical conditioning can be used at least to shape the focus of our desires and of our interests.
用经典条件作用来解释恋物癖和恐惧,听起来很蠢也很极端,或许是这样,但至少经典条件作用,能够使我们产生,对欲望和兴趣的关注。
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So，the point is,every object falling under gravity is given by the same formula, but there are many, many objects that can have many histories, all falling under gravity, and what's different from one object and the other object is, when was it dropped, from what height, and with what initial speed.
关键是,每一个受重力作用下落的物体,都有同样的表达式,但是各个受重力作用下落的物体,都有不同的初始条件,所以它们的区别在于,下落时刻,下落高度和初始速度
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Through the simple tools of classical conditioning then, the shoe becomes a conditioned stimulus giving rise to the conditioned response of sexual pleasure.
接下来，通过经典条件作用，鞋子变成了条件刺激,引起了性快感这一条件反应。
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This is very different from classical conditioning and one way to see how this is different is for classical conditioning you don't do anything.
这与经典条件作用非常不同,两者间不同的一点在于,在经典条件作用中,你的行为是不自主的。
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What this is is learning the relationships between what you do and how successful or unsuccessful they are, learning what works and what doesn't.
操作性条件作用,是在学习行为与成功,或失败程度之间的关系，学习什么行为起作用,什么行为不起作用。
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So, to illustrate Skinnerian theory in operant conditioning, I'll give an example of training a pig.
为了说明斯金纳的操作性条件作用理论，我会给大家举一个训练猪的例子。
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The third and final type of learning is known as operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning.
第三种，也是最后一种学习类型,叫做作操作性条件作用,或是工具性条件作用。
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And more generally, the problem is you can talk about what other people do in terms of reinforcement and punishment and operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
更加一般性的问题便是,你可以用强化和惩罚，操作性条件作用,以及经典条件作用之类的术语,来解释他人的行为。
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Since the connection with the poker chips is established through classical conditioning, sooner or later by that logic the poker chips would lose their power to serve as reinforcers.
因为与扑克筹码有关的联结,是通过经典条件作用建立的，所以按照这种逻辑,扑克筹码迟早会失去强化物的作用。
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You can make "Good dog" positive through classical conditioning.
你可以通过经典条件作用,使“好狗狗“一词变成积极刺激。
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And the therapy he gets is classical conditioning.
他接受的就是以经典条件作用,为原理的行为治疗。
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