And the last thing we do for any of our structures to check them and figure out are these valid or not valid, are these good Lewis structures is to check the formal charge.

而为了检验任何一个结构是否有效,看它们是不是好的路易斯结构,我们要做的最后一件事就是检查形式电荷。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Basically, injecting it into some test subjects, making sure that they didn't get diseased from it and looking at antibody responses to see if it worked and it did.

他们把疫苗接种到测试对象体内,确定接种者不会感染疾病,同时观察抗体的应答反应,了解疫苗是否有效

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Another thing we can do, a very important thing, is we can think about changing the game into a game of repeated interaction and seeing how much that helps, and we'll come back and revisit that later in the class.

另一个重要的东西是,我们可以考虑把单次博弈转化成,重复博弈,然后看看是否有效,我们以后再来学习这部分内容

耶鲁公开课 - 博弈论课程节选

They had to give some of them the real vaccine and some of them a placebo vaccine in order that they could really tell if the vaccine worked; you have to have it placebo controlled.

研究者们还须给部分孩子接种真正的疫苗,给另外一些孩子接种空白疫苗,以分辨疫苗是否真的有效,所以你必须使用安慰剂作对照

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选