So this gene is going to be turned on in the sheep when it makes milk, under conditions where it makes milk.

这段基因会被激活,这段基因会在羊制造乳汁时被激活

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The problem is you've got to make hundreds of millions of doses sometimes in order to have an effect on progress of the disease.

问题是有时候你不得不去制造几亿支疫苗,以便在疾病进展时发挥作用

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

I also talked last time about smallpox and the perceived need to produce more smallpox vaccine in the event that smallpox is used as a weapon in 2002.

上次我也谈论过了天花,以及在二零零二年天花被当作武器使用时,制造出更多天花疫苗的必要性

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.

这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.

所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选