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Categorical moral reasoning locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements, certain categorical duties and rights, regardless of the consequences.
绝对主义道德推理认为,是否道德取决于特定的绝对道德准则，取决于绝对明确的义务与权利，而不管后果如何。
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But then we went a little further, we considered those other cases and people weren't so sure about consequentialist moral reasoning.
但随着谈论的深入，我们发现在其他情况中,人们不再对后果主义道德推理那么确定了。
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And although we don't have machines that can reason about a lot of subjects yet, it seems pretty clear.
虽然还未曾出现,具有推理能力的机器,这一点相当明确
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Okay, so why was it after all that work -- why was it that 1 wasn't the winning answer?
为什么经过一系列的推理,1不是最终的答案呢
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The simile isn't telling us that Satan's spear is as small as a wand because what we have is a syllogism here.
这个比喻并不是在提醒我们撒旦的长矛像棍子一样小,因为我们在这儿有一个演绎推理。
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And check the answers, and say yeah that's what we expected. But it also involves reasoning. About why that's an appropriate set of inputs to test it on it.
然后说对，这就是我想要的结果,但是它跟推理也有关系,表现在关于为什么这是一个,测试我们程序的适合的输入集。
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Now I could do this pretty easily in just by reasoning through it; right?
我可以轻松地这样做,通过逻辑推理，对不？
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Because the building of ships was, to him, the application of rationality, of reason, thinking, and experimentation, this got him interested in the scientific revolution.
因为造船在他看来,是理性思想的应用,是推理,思考,实验的实际应用,这让他对科学革命有了兴趣
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But as you know, for you own vision is not something that you reason about.
但是，众所周之，我们对于视觉本不需要推理。
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And then finally, at around age twelve, you could get abstract and scientific reasoning.
最后,大约在十二岁的时候,儿童的抽象推理和科学推理能力得以完善
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For reason, he writes in a famous passage, "for reason is nothing but reckoning, that is adding and subtracting the consequences of general names agreed upon."
对理性而言，他在一个著名的段落中写到，“推理就是一种计算，也就是将公认为标示或表明思想的,普通名词所构成的序列相加减“
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You've got to keep going a little further because you should follow the logic.
你们要做到永远多走一步,因为你们要会推理
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We call it the inference team.
我们叫做推理队。
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Reason permits a continuing rational inquiry into the nature of reality.
推理能够对现实的本质,进行持续合理的探究
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Toward the end of the discussion just now Victoria challenged the premise of this line of reasoning that's libertarian logic.
刚才，就在讨论即将结束之前,维多利亚质疑了,自由主义逻辑推理的前提。
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So what this line of reasoning brings us to is the fundamental principle that underlies the libertarian case for rights.
这些推理把我们带回到,自由主义的权利主张,所隐含的基本原则。
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Even religious truths, which, of course, even religious truths have to be subjected to the final arbiter, who is the individual's conscience and the individual's power of reason.
当然，即使是最强有力的知识形式，即使是宗教真理也必须受制于最终的裁决者，也就是个人的良心和推理的力量。
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And the family of arguments that we're considering initially are arguments that get known as inference or inferences to the best explanation.
我们首先会想到的一类,则是那种,被称作推理的论证,或叫做,最佳解释推理
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The kinds of arguments we have been considering so far all fall under the general rubric of "Inference to the best explanation."
目前为止 我们讨论的这些论证,都是在 "最佳解释推理",这个一般准则下进行的的
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It's an everyday occurrence that we can think and reason and feel and be creative, or choose otherwise and have free will.
我们能思考推理,感知创造,或能做出不同的选择,拥有自由意志,都是每天存在的事
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But we're seeing that these are choices, that perhaps, are ruled out by this kind of reasoning.
然而我们发现这些策略,会因为某种推理而被剔除
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The next phase, concrete operations, from seven to twelve, you can solve the conservation problem, but still you're limited to the extent you're capable of abstract reasoning.
下一阶段,具体运算阶段,七到十二岁,儿童可以解决守恒问题,但儿童的抽象推理能力仍然有限
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So we were able to dominate 1 and 10 in the first round, so we know this won't be played, and we know this won't be played.
在第一次推理中1和10是劣势策略,我们知道无人会采用它们,我们就不会去采用它们
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It's typically a combination of two things.
是两件事情的组合，测试和推理。
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But at the same time the study of moral reasoning is a fascinated--fascinating issue for those of us interested in cross-cultural psychology because there are plain differences across cultures.
但同时,道德推理是一个很有趣的研究,尤其对那些对跨文化心理感心趣的人,因为每个文化都有明显的差异。
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So if I did reason that way, and chose Beta, I'm not going to affect your choice one way or the other.
所以就算我这么推理了我选了β,但这些不会影响你的选择和你的推理
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Perhaps the argument shouldn't be, "We have to believe in souls because no mere physical object could reason."
也许论证不应该是,我们必须相信灵魂,因为所有的物理对象都不能推理
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So we will look at those two different modes of moral reasoning, assess them, and also consider others.
我们将着眼于这两种迥异的道德推理模式，评价它们，还会考虑其他模式。
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We'll basically be sitting here thinking about what we can know or make sense of with regard to death using our reasoning capacity.
我们主要是坐在这里思考,关于我们能知道什么或者搞清,关于死亡用我们的推理能力。
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And again it makes sense if you think the dialogue is a kind of pedagogical tool to help you get better at philosophising.
而且如果你认为对话这本书,是一个教育学工具能帮你进行,哲学的研究推理，那就很有意义。
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