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And of course, the kings when we see them in Homer do not have a bureaucracy, do not have scribes.
当然,从《荷马史诗》中所看到的那些国王,他们没有官僚作风,没有随身抄写员
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that you can contact directly instead of having to go through the bureaucracy of the big university.
你可以直接和他们联系，而不用通过耶鲁大学的官僚机构。
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Even though decentralized England expands its bureaucracy and collected taxes much more efficiently than across the channel in France, state-making involved more officials there.
即使是在分权的英国 官僚政府也日益扩大,他们比海峡对岸的法国有着更多苛捐杂税,现代国家的形成需要更多的官员
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There is a palace economy, there is a script, there is a bureaucracy, and there is collectivized agriculture under the central control of the economy.
有王宫经济,有文字,有官僚制度,有中央集权经济下的,集体农业
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And he said, "I'm a good bureaucrat, I did--they were pleased with my work.
然后他说"我是个很好的官僚,我干了,他们对我的工作很满意
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So I can't really speak to the specifics of what was going on But bureaucracy as we know is always with us and one of the problems of Afghnastan was getting things done quickly, and a lot of mistakes were made because they try to so things too quickly and didn't think through the process.
所以我也不知道情况到底是怎样的,但是官僚作风是一直存在的,阿富汗存在一个问题就是,很多事情完成的太快，以至于出现了很多错误,这是因为他们想要尽快把事情做完,没有考虑过程。
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So I guess, by doing this we kind of create a culture where people just talk to each other about stuff and get what each other is thinking more clearly than they would if the organization is more bureaucratic or if like people wouldn't be heard.
这样一来,公司的文化也就形成了,人们可以自由交谈,在Facebook比在,官僚机构,或者比在个人观点不被重视的地方,能更好地了解彼此的想法。
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An omnipresent bureaucracy with its detailed and all encompassing records gives the clearest picture of the power exercised by the centralized monarchs of the Mycenaean Age."
一个无处不在的官僚体制,所留下详尽细致,无所不包的记录,清晰地描绘了,迈锡尼时期中央集权统治的实行"
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Such states, of course, did not need a bureaucracy for there were no vast royal or state holdings that needed management and not much economic surplus to support a bureaucratic class.
国家无需官僚体制,因为没有庞大的皇室家族,和国家财富需要管理,也没多少经济盈余能够维持官僚阶级
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But yet when you look at all of this, you can see that the kind of chaos, the political upheavals finds in response in the growth of central government authority and the growth of bureaucracies.
不过当你纵观全局时,你会看到这种混乱状态,特别是政治动乱是与中央政权,和官僚体系的发展紧密相关的
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Those places were simply the place where the king or the emperor ruled, the place where the main god's palace was, the place where the bureaucrats were to do their business, that's what it was,no more than that.
那些地方仅仅只是,国王或君主的领地,祭祀主神的宫殿所在地,官僚办公的地方,这就是它们当时的功用,不会超出这个范围
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Two ways of measuring how this happened and what difference it made is to realize, to return to what I said earlier, that big state structures involve bureaucracies.
如果要弄懂贵族如何获利,以及贵族获利所引起的改变,我们必须意识到大国必须建立官僚机构,我在前面曾提到过这一点
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There were already bureaucrats representing the royal will.
当时已经出现了代表王室意志的官僚机构
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But many, particularly two-- bureaucracies and powerful standing military forces-- are characteristics of modern states.
这些变革,尤其是官僚机构和强大的军队,这两方面是现代国家的特征
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Now, the Renaissance city-states of Italy had relatively efficient administrations, to be sure.
有一点应该明确,文艺复兴时期时,意大利的城邦国家就已经出现了相对高效的官僚政府
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But these are royal bureaucracies that expand dramatically in size.
但是我们现在讨论的王室官僚体系,却是一个庞然大物
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You have this bureaucracy that's--it's not really a bureaucracy, but you've got these royal officials representing the royal will, but the actual impact in this vast expanse of the Russian empire isn't that great.
拥有庞大的官僚机构,并非是真正的官僚,但这些皇亲贵戚的确代表了王室的意愿,而实际上,它对幅员辽阔的俄国产生的影响绝非那般重大
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Another point about this sort of ambivalence about being czar is that he often made a point of choosing his most trusted advisors from the ranks of commoners and gave them the right to become titled after a certain amount of time after a certain amount of time in the royal bureaucracy.
他作为沙皇矛盾的另一点是,他最信任的顾问,常常是从普通民众中选出来的,而且经过一段时间后,他会在皇家官僚机构中给他们一个头衔
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