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It could have been corrupted because a virus was inside of it so it was making foreign proteins.
细胞被损害的原因是,病毒在其中生产了外源蛋白
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Its molecules are pieces of molecules often derived from foreign pathogens which stimulate an immune response.
它通常是从激发免疫反应的,外源病原体中分离出的碎片
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It's a switch that from outside can be used to change the life of a cell.
这种来自外源的变化能够改变细胞的状态
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It's foreign, it's not part of the host or not a normal part of the host.
所以它成了外源物,外源物不是宿主的一部分,至少不是正常的一部分
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The study of immunology is the study of mechanisms that your body uses to protect itself from mainly from foreign pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
免疫学研究身体,采用何种机制来保护自身,免受外源病原体如病毒和细菌的伤害
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This concept of introducing foreign genes, genes that are made of recombinant DNA into animals using this kind of technique is widely used in biomedical research.
这种通过基因重组,来向动物体内导入外源基因的方法,广泛应用于,各种生物医药的研究中
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The notion is, if there's something foreign that's being produced inside this cell, then that cell must have been corrupted in some way and it has to be gotten rid of.
免疫反应的规矩是这样的,如果某些外源物在你细胞内产生,那说明这个细胞的某些地方,已经被损害了所以必须被清除掉
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So, all those things would be considered foreign.
所以 这些东西都被视为外源性的
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You do that by expressing the genes in the mice in the way that I described on the last slide and it's shown in a little bit more detail on this slide.
按照我上张幻灯片讲过的方法,在小鼠中表达外源基因,这张幻灯片中对此有更详细的表述
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It's the way, for example, that foreign molecules or antigens get presented to cells of your immune system in order to start the process of making an immune response, so sometimes a cell/cell interaction.
通过这种方式,外源分子,或者说抗原,进入到免疫系统的细胞中后,就会开启免疫反应过程,有时候就是细胞之间的相互作用
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We're going to talk a lot about antibodies over the next week or so, but antibodies are specialized proteins that, as you know, are designed to bind to antigens or foreign molecules inside the body.
我们将会在接下来的几周,讲许多关于抗体的内容,抗体是一种特殊蛋白质,众所周知,抗体用于结合身体内的抗原和外源分子
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We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.
当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合
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Usually the cellular means that they get rid of is that instead of an antibody being produced, you activate a population of cells that will specifically go and hunt down the foreign antigen, or more commonly, cells that contain the foreign antigen.
通常细胞免疫意味着,不用生成抗体就能清除抗原,你激活了一个细胞类群,这一类群能够,并杀伤外源抗原,或者更常见的是,杀伤含有外源抗原的细胞
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The other part of the adaptive immune system is the cell mediated immune system and this is an immune where that doesn't involve antibodies but involves cells that are activated in response to a foreign antigen and that utilize cellular means to get rid of it.
获得性免疫系统还包括,细胞免疫,这一免疫反应不包含抗体,但包含可以被激活来应答,并清除外源抗原的免疫细胞
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They know that these cells are harboring the virus because those cells have foreign antigens on their MHC1.
它们能知道哪些细胞窝藏病毒,因为这些细胞的MHC1上有外源抗体
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Immune cells recognize it, and they recognize it by a very special form of receptor-ligand interaction where the ligand is MHC1 with the foreign antigen and the receptor is a receptor called the T-cell receptor complex.
免疫细胞识别出染病细胞,通过一种特殊形式的,受体配体协作机制识别出来,其中的配体是同,外源抗原共同出现的MHC1,而这其中受体是T细胞受体复合体
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So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.
所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝
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