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There is a huge difference between the energies in the outermost shell and the inner shells, which tells you that it's unlikely that any electrons except those in the outermost shell are going to be active.
最外层和最里层所具有的能量,有很大差异，而这告诉我们有一点是不太可能的,那就是除了最外层的电子,别的电子都是应该是活泼的。
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So, for example, for sodium, we can instead write neon and then 3 s 1.
所以举例来说对于钠其他的外层电子，的结合的电子。
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We can see the early signs of ear development Start with the thickening of the outer layer of the embryo, this layer is called the ectoderm.
大家知道，耳朵发育的早期特征,是胚胎外层膜的增厚，这层膜也叫外胚层。
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The cortex is the outer layer and the outer layer is all crumpled up.
大脑皮层是大脑的外层,上面布满了褶皱
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It's helium denuded of both of its electrons.
即氦气脱去外层的电子。
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These cells around the outside form the interface, the placenta, where the maternal blood circulation meets the embryonic circulation and nutrients are passed back and forth that way in a very highly regulated and important way.
外层的细胞形成接触面,即胎盘,是母血与胎血,进行血液交换,及营养物质交换的场所,整个过程高度有序并且非常重要
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00 times electrode is only 1 mm long that penetrates just the most outer layers of the outer regions of your brain called into the distributable cortex.
00个这样的电极只有1毫米长,他们插进大脑最外层的区域的最外层,这个区域被称为分布皮层。
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And remember, we're only talking about valence electrons, so the outer-most shells.
要记得，我们讨论的只是价电子，也就是最外层的电子。
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And, one other thing that I failed to point out, if you take a look at the energies associated with the outermost electrons, in this case, lithium, you see it's 0.5 megajoules per mole, and then what's the 6.26?
还有另外一点我忘记提到的是，如果你观察离最外层,的电子的能量，在这种情况，对于锂，你可以得到，它是每摩尔0。5兆焦，那么6。26是什么呢？
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This should make a lot of sense, because we know that a hydrogen has 1 s as it's outer-most or valence orbital, so it can be filled up just with two 1 s electrons.
这也是很合理的，因为我们,知道氢只有，1，s，轨道,这就是它最外层的轨道或者说价轨道，因此只要两个，1，s，电子就可以将它填满。
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So basically, that means one electron in an s orbital in their outer-most most shell.
因此基本上,这意味着那个在，s，轨道上价电子是最外层的。
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And out here we have the charge on the electron as simply equal to e.
而原子外层的电子,只是电量和e的电量相等。
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Core electrons are all those electrons held in really tight with the nucleus in the inner shells, whereas the valence electrons are only those electrons that are in the outer-most shell, or at your highest value of n of the principal quantum number.
芯电子是那些,在内壳层被原子核束缚得非常紧的电子，而价电子只包括,最外层的电子，或者说主量子数，n，的值最大的那些电子。
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The other main difference that we're really going to get to today is that in multi-electron atoms, orbital energies depend not just on the shell, which is what we saw before, not just on the value of n, but also on the angular momentum quantum l number. So they also depend on the sub-shell or l.
我们今天要讨论的,另一个很重要的区别就是,在多电子原子中，轨道能力不仅仅依赖于，我们以前看到的外层，不仅仅依赖于n的值，而是与角动量量子数也有关系,所以它们也依赖于亚外层或者。
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So what I want to point out when you're kind of looking at these numbers here, what the significance is, look at that huge difference between what the ionization energies are for what we call those valence electrons, -- those outer shell electrons, those are core electrons there.
我在这里想要指出的是,当大家在看这些数字的时候，最重要的是，要看到这些,巨大的差异,看到所谓价电子，即外层电子的电离能与，1，s，轨道，电离能之间的巨大差异。
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