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They found that certain cells, in particular, epithelial cells from monkey kidneys, were very effective at propagating the virus.
他们发现有些细胞,尤其是在猴肾脏的上皮细胞中,这种病毒能够有效地增殖
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In fact, they're no longer capable of reproducing; all they can do is exist as red blood cells and then die.
事实上,红细胞已经不能再增殖了,它们所能做的只是,作为红细胞过完一生然后死去
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This process of cell proliferation or cell division is, of course, very important during development of an embryo.
细胞增殖和分裂的过程,在胚胎发育中至关重要
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I just wanted to talk about one last concept and that has to do with cell proliferation.
我想说的最后一个概念,就是细胞增殖
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What I want you to remember now is that abundant cell proliferation takes place during development.
这节课我希望你能记住,发育过程中伴有大量的细胞增殖过程
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In fact, some cells are very different from the cells that are proliferating early in development.
事实上,某些细胞同发育早期所增殖的细胞,已经有天壤之别
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So, in general, when cells are proliferating they're dividing and they're dividing at a regular rate.
因此,大致而言,当细胞增殖时,它们是在分裂,并以受调控的频率分裂
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Make a lot of the virus, it has all of its antigenic epitopes on it, but we'll just kill it so that it can't replicate.
先增殖出大量的病毒,病毒表面有特定的抗原决定簇,然后杀死病毒使其无法复制
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They're fully functional organisms that can reproduce on their own, and they can start growing outside of any cell and that's what they do, they live extracellularly.
细菌可是麻雀虽小五脏俱全,它们能够凭借自身繁殖,可以在任意一个细胞外开始增殖,它们就是这样做的,在细胞外生长繁殖
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Some small subsets do but most of the cells in your brain don't proliferate and that's because they get trapped at one portion of the cell cycle.
除了很小一部分以外大部分脑细胞不增殖,这是因为,它们停滞于细胞周期的某个阶段
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If cells were actively proliferating, that is you had a population of cells that are actively proliferating, they would be going through continuous rounds of the cell cycle.
如果细胞处在活跃增殖状态,就是说有一定数量的,细胞具有增殖活性,它们就会连续地经历细胞周期的各个阶段
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if you do that under the situation where you've put your plasmid into these micro-organisms then you're going to have little colonies that grow many copies of the bacterial cells.
如果你在质粒已经进入了微生物,的情况下培养它们,你就会得到许多小菌落,里面长有很多增殖出来的细菌
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Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed.
体内携带这种质粒的酵母细胞大量增殖,它们表达质粒,因此,乙型肝炎表面抗原不是在人体内,而是在细胞培养环境下,以非正常方式形成的
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The red blood cells that carry oxygen only live within your circulation for about a month and so you have to continually be replacing cells that are dying and so there are cells that are proliferating.
携带氧的红细胞,在你的循环系统中的寿命只有一个月,因此你必须持续不断地更新衰老的细胞,所以就有在增殖的细胞
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That makes sense if you think about this process of cell multiplication, that I have one cell it becomes 2 cells in a minute, it could become 4 cells in another minute, it could become 8 cells in another minute and that's all that this set of equations is representing.
如果你和细胞增殖的过程联系起来的话,这个是说的通的,我有一个细胞在一分钟里变成了两个细胞,那就可以再花一分钟变成四个细胞,再花一分钟就变成八个细胞,这就是这个方程所代表的意义
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Another subset of T-cells called T helper cells will recognize that signal by direct contact with it, and they will become activated and proliferate.
另外一个T细胞的亚群是辅助性T细胞,辅助性T细胞可识别与其接触的抗原信号,并被激活,开始增殖
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The antibody that they stimulate is antibody that's specific to this antigen that was presented earlier.
这些由辅助性T细胞,刺激增殖产生的抗体是,对应之前出现的抗原而产生的
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They become activated and they produce, eventually, mature cytotoxic T-cells in large numbers.
细胞毒性T细胞活化后,开始增殖,最终,产生大量成熟的细胞毒性T细胞
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In the case of the helper cells they stimulate a specific population of B-cells to mature into antibody producing cells, and that antibody is generated against the antigen that stimulated it.
以辅助性T细胞为例,辅助性T细胞刺激特定的B细胞,使这些细胞成长为抗体分泌细胞,抗体分泌细胞产生大量的抗体,以消灭大量增殖的抗原
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So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.
所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝
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