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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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Another example of using this technique is to produce therapeutic proteins from cloned DNA and I'm going to describe this one.
另一个运用到此技术的例子就是,从克隆的基因中制造治疗性的蛋白质,我会具体说这个例子
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And one bit of evidence that these genes are implicated is that some unfortunate people have point mutations in these genes.
证明这些基因起作用的一些证据,是这些基因会在某些不幸的人身上,发生点突变
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In some ways, it might just occur to me this identification of the gay gene.
某种程度上来讲，这让我想起了,同性恋基因的认定。
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They suggest there is something in the genes that explains the characteristics of particular people; that is certainly not true. So let's understand each other.
他们认为基因的某些特点,决定了特定人群的特征,这显然是不正确的,让我说得更明白点
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The genome starts piling on mutations that mean nothing; that's how they date the branches of the genome, by looking at the number of neutral mutations.
基因积累了许多无意义的突变,这就是他们如何鉴定基因分支的年代,看中性突变的数量就行了
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And what they did was they wanted to understand how much do genes matter.
这个研究是关于,基因的重要性。
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Is this hierarchy, again, a genetic quality?
这种阶级制度是一种基因的质量吗？
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What's changing along here is the what's changing along this pathway is the expression pattern of genes in cells.
因此这里改变的是,在这条途径上改变的是,基因表达的模式
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It was a gene that was causing a cell to be malignant and to divide without control, for example.
例如,一个会使细胞恶化,并不受控制地无限分裂的基因
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The best way to label this DNA is by designing probes or labels that hybridize with specific sequences that you're interested in.
最好的标记方法是,设计出能与你感兴趣的,特定基因序列杂交的,分子探针或标签
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So you made somehow an anti-sense polynucleotide to the insulin gene or some fraction of the insulin gene.
这样你就合成了,胰岛素基因的反义多聚核苷酸链,或者说胰岛素基因的片段
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Well, the genes that survive are going to be the ones that make the most copies of themselves.
能存活的基因是,能进行最多自我复制的基因。
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When this animal makes milk, it makes all the normal milk proteins, but it also activates your gene of interest as well.
那么当这一后代泌乳的时候,它不仅表达出自身正常的奶蛋白质,也激活了目的基因的表达
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Genetic scans for disease predictions, and we talked about one way you might do that using gene chips.
基因扫描技术可用于预测疾病,我们讨论的基因芯片技术是其中的一种
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They integrate their DNA into the host genome and you might not want to make that kind of a change in the cell.
而且也许你也并不想让逆转录病毒基因,整合进宿主的基因组
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The rest of the time I want to talk about expression of genes, of new genes.
剩下的时间里我想讲讲基因的表达,新基因的表达
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If your gene goes in, you've interrupted the gene for antibiotic resistance and those new organisms aren't going to be resistant to antibiotic anymore.
如果基因进入了质粒,原本对抗生素有抗性的基因就被打断了,那些新细菌就不再对抗生素有抗性
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They put a gene like the insulin gene in place of the milk protein, but behind the promoter that is used to produce milk proteins.
人们将产羊奶蛋白的基因,换成了胰岛素基因,在启动子后面的基因,原本是编码羊奶蛋白的
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And they're altruistic because they act to preserve other animals that share the same genes.
说它们利他，是因为它们会保护其他动物,和它们有同样基因的动物。
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I could cut that up into fragments, and I could search in these fragments to try to find the one that has the insulin gene on it.
我把那部分切成碎片,然后从中找到有胰岛素基因的那一段
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They do that because they can control the expression of genes.
它们能正确地合成蛋白,是因为它们可以调控基因的表达
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Imagine two genes, two sorts of animals each containing their own gene.
想象两个基因，两种动物各自含有自己的基因。
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Animals that are altruistic even to the point of dying to help another, those genes will, under some circumstances, be preserved over the genes of people who are less caring.
有强烈利它主义的动物,甚至为其他动物牺牲自己，这些基因在某些情况下，就会被保存下来,而那些不关心他人的基因则不会。
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So it's not just knowing what genes or figuring out ways to look at gene expression, it's figuring out how this expression of key genes affects the fate of the individual.
所以我们不仅仅是要了解那些基因能致病,也不仅是要弄明白基因的表达方式,更要搞清楚这种关键基因的表达,如何影响个人命运
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An animal's merely the gene's way of making another gene.
动物只是一个基因,复制另一个基因的方式。
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The difference the real difference is in what genes its expressing of the total number of genes in the human genome and therefore if it's expressing these unique this unique set of genes.
真正的不同之处是,在这些细胞中,表达的是人类全部基因中的不同基因,因此如果细胞表达的是,这组独特的基因
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Here the unique thing was that there's a restriction site inside that is present in normal DNA and not present in sickle DNA.
刚才例子中,特性就是在正常的基因中,有酶切位点,而在患者的基因中却没有
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So, evolution works at a level of the genes and because of that it could give rise to animals that are themselves altruistic.
进化论起作用的是我们的基因,因此进化论能产生,有利他主义的动物。
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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