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The best way to label this DNA is by designing probes or labels that hybridize with specific sequences that you're interested in.
最好的标记方法是,设计出能与你感兴趣的,特定基因序列杂交的,分子探针或标签
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That means the gene that encodes insulin, the sequence of base pairs that encode insulin.
这意味着基因编码了胰岛素,碱基序列编码了胰岛素
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They do that in a very special way in that they - restriction enzymes are able to identify a particular sequence of bases in a gene.
限制性内切酶的工作机制很特别,它能识别基因中的一段特定的碱基序列
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Now of the two complimentary sequences, one of them encodes the gene.
这两段互补序列,其中一段是编码基因的
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What if you knew what the sequence of a gene was?
假如人们知道了一段基因的序列
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Now the problem with that is a problem I mentioned before, that most human genes are not just a straight sequence from beginning to end of the protein that you're interested in.
但现在的问题,是我之前提到过的,大多数人类基因不是一个连续的序列,从头到尾都对应你想要的蛋白质
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It takes advantage of the specificity of the restriction enzymes, the fact that we know what the gene sequence that we're looking for, and using this technological process of electrophoresis to identify changes that we predict.
这个方法利用了限制酶特有的性质,我们知道我们在找什么样的基因序列,从而才能利用电泳这个技术流程,来识别出我们预计的情况
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Well let's talk about some mechanisms for using this and I'll start with a simple example of how one can detect a gene in a fluid, in a blood sample for example, where that gene is unknown.
我们来说说这项技术在实际应用中的机制,先从一个简单例子着手,如何在一个血样中,侦测是否存在某段基因序列,某段未知基因序列
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When transcription happens and it turns out that there's a whole biology associated with this, including molecules that are floating around inside your cells called transcription factors, and their job-- they are molecules that are about particular genes and what some of the sequences and are able to turn on those genes inside cells, to make them transcribe.
研究证明,当细胞转录时,还有与之相关的一整套生物机制在运作,包括一种在你细胞中飘浮着的,称为转录因子的分子,它们的工作就是,它们知道该转录哪一段基因,该转录哪一段序列,然后把这些细胞中的基因激活,进行转录
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If you have normal hemoglobin you have this sequence here, CCTGAGGAG.
正常血红蛋白的基因序列是这样的,CCTGAGGAG
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When you think about a gene or a transcript, the messenger RNA copy of a gene, you know that for every sequence of a nucleic acid there's a complimentary sequence.
当你们考虑一段基因或者一个,转录一段基因的mRNA拷贝,你们知道每个核酸序列,都有互补序列
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If I took this same restriction enzyme and tried to cut the chromosomal DNA of a sickle patient, it wouldn't cut at that point because the wrong sequence is there.
而如果我用同样的限制酶,去切割病人的染色体DNA,那该酶是不会起作用的,因为基因序列不对
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This label is DNA that might be made radioactive or made fluorescent, and it has a base pair sequence that is from some other region of the gene that you're interested in.
这种标签就是具有放射性,或者荧光性的DNA,它有一个取自于,你感兴趣的那段基因上,其他位置的碱基对序列
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In this case the promoter, which is a sequence of DNA that is positioned right in front of the gene of interest, the promoter is the betagalactoglobulin promoter in this case, and betagalactoglobulin is a milk protein.
这里涉及到的启动子,也是一段DNA序列,它必须刚好位于目的基因序列前端,我们用到的是β-乳球蛋白启动子,β-乳球蛋白是乳汁中的一种蛋白
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A section of DNA that is responsible for encoding a gene, let's say it's the insulin gene for example, might be some stretch of DNA on a certain chromosome inside your cells, inside the cells of the pancreas.
一段编码蛋白的DNA序列,我们就拿编码胰岛素的基因来举个例子,它也许是一段DNA基因序列,位于你胰腺细胞里的,某条染色体上
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