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And if you could change the gene and make people not gay in the womb should have been done.
如果人们能够改变这种基因,让同性恋们在母体内就改变性取向,那么这种认定就应该进行。
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Another example of using this technique is to produce therapeutic proteins from cloned DNA and I'm going to describe this one.
另一个运用到此技术的例子就是,从克隆的基因中制造治疗性的蛋白质,我会具体说这个例子
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And one bit of evidence that these genes are implicated is that some unfortunate people have point mutations in these genes.
证明这些基因起作用的一些证据,是这些基因会在某些不幸的人身上,发生点突变
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there are many genes that are already expressed and presented in this dimpling and thickening of the outer layer.
在外胚层的凹陷和增厚过程中,表达了很多基因。
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The genome starts piling on mutations that mean nothing; that's how they date the branches of the genome, by looking at the number of neutral mutations.
基因积累了许多无意义的突变,这就是他们如何鉴定基因分支的年代,看中性突变的数量就行了
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Those people would bank their calories, survive the next famine, contribute to the gene pool, and thereby create what we have today which are organisms, humans, who very much like the kind of diets that are creating problems.
这些人储存能量以保证,在下一次饥荒时得以幸存,使他们的基因保留在了基因库中,从而造就今天的生物体,即人类,人类非常喜欢这类饮食,从而引发了很多问题
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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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Your caring, your moral feelings towards other creatures to the extent of the proportion of genes that you share with them.
你的关心，你对他人的道德情感,取决于你和他们拥有多少,相同的基因。
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When they make milk they have signals for turning on the betagalactoglobulin promoter and expressing the gene of interest.
泌乳的时候,β-乳球蛋白启动子受信号调控而开启,目的基因得以表达
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What's changing along here is the what's changing along this pathway is the expression pattern of genes in cells.
因此这里改变的是,在这条途径上改变的是,基因表达的模式
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From the standpoint of your genes, you dying for the life of three brothers is an excellent compromise 50% because the genes replicate by fifty percent more.
从你自身基因的角度看，你为了三个兄弟牺牲自己,是非常好的折中,因为基因复制超过。
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This was a process that was perfected on an industrial scale by the company Genentech in California, in the 1970s.
这就是一个完美的工业规模的流程,是加州的一个基因技术公司在七十年代,所完成的
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A pancreas--cell in the pancreas, for example, needs to make insulin and so the gene for insulin is transcribed.
举个例子,一个胰腺细胞,要分泌胰岛素,那么编码胰岛素蛋白的基因就会被转录
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Retroviruses, for example, can only insert - can only transduce and express their DNA in cells that are dividing.
就以逆转录病毒为例,它们只能在分裂阶段的细胞里,转导并表达自己的基因
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One example of a way people have used this, is that they've taken the gene that ordinarily produces a milk protein.
利用这种方式的一个例子就是,他们把原本产羊奶蛋白的基因剔除
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So you made somehow an anti-sense polynucleotide to the insulin gene or some fraction of the insulin gene.
这样你就合成了,胰岛素基因的反义多聚核苷酸链,或者说胰岛素基因的片段
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Here the unique thing was that there's a restriction site inside that is present in normal DNA and not present in sickle DNA.
刚才例子中,特性就是在正常的基因中,有酶切位点,而在患者的基因中却没有
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It's a single gene defect and we know exactly where the genetic defect is in sickle cell.
是一种单基因缺陷,而且我们准确地知道,镰状红细胞贫血的基因缺陷在哪里
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If we looked at all 30000, genes that were important in each individual how do you pick out which ones are important for a particular disease?
如果我们检查人体中,所有三万个至关重要的基因,要怎样从中找出,导致某种疾病的特定基因呢
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There are multiple mechanisms that a cell can use to decide which genes it is expressing at any one time and which ones are not expressed.
在某一时刻,决定细胞中哪些基因表达,哪些基因不表达的机理十分复杂
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Say we've got a human gene that we want to make and let's say it's the human gene for insulin that we want to produce now.
假设我们想合成出一个人类的基因,假设现在我们想合成的,是人类的胰岛素基因
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Our genes have wired us up our brains up to love our children and love our kin because, in this way, our genes manage to replicate themselves.
基因把我们联系在一起,让我们去爱孩子，爱亲人，因为，这种方式，基因可以复制。
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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Because of this, because cystic fibrosis is a disease that's caused by a single gene defect, there's been great interest in trying to treat cystic fibrosis with gene therapy.
就是因为如此,就因为囊胞性纤维症,是一种单基因病,人们对于用基因治疗,治愈囊胞性纤维症产生了很大的兴趣
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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A gene, let's say it's the gene for insulin.
这段基因,就假设是,编码胰岛素的基因吧
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The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus.
由病毒基因组上的基因,通过转录和转译制造出来的蛋白质,以便可以制造出更多的,被病毒组合所需的结构蛋白
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Hence, selfish genes will lead to altruistic animals because, to the extent that evolution operates at the level of the genes, there's no hard and fast distinction between your own body and someone else's body.
所以，自私基因会导致利他行为，从这个意义上说,进化在基因层面进行，你自己的身体和别人的身体,没有严格差别。
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Get a gene, put it in a plasmid, get that plasmid expressed in a host, could even be a bacterial host,right?
把一个基因导入一个质粒,让质粒在宿主中表达,这个宿主甚至可以是细菌,对吧
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Well, I talked about the problem of using plasmids in gene therapy, that it's very difficult to get them into cells.
我们之前讨论过,基因治疗中运用质粒的问题,质粒本身极难进入细胞
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