And so that led us to the definitions of other energy quantities, the Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy.

这就要求我们定义,其他的和能量相似的物理量，亥姆赫兹和吉布斯自由能。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

And knowing now how to calculate these free energies especially the Helmholtz and the Gibbs free energies,that's what's going to guide us in really calculating quantitatively, OK, where will equilibrium lie.

知道如何计算,这些自由能,尤其是亥姆赫兹和吉布斯自由能之后,这些数值计算就能告诉我们，平衡态到底是什么样子。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

We discovered that the quantity dA, under conditions of constant volume and temperature, dA TS And A is u minus TS.

我们发现在恒定的体积和温度下，亥姆赫兹自由能的变化，小于零，is，less，than，zero。,亥姆赫兹自由能A等于内能u减去。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

pV Also A plus pV and G is minimized at equilibrium with constant temperature and pressure.

同时等于亥姆赫兹自由能A加上,同时在恒定的温度和压强下。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选