So from the point of view of the producers, this Cournot Equilibrium is worse than monopoly, but better than perfect competition.

从生产者的角度来看,古诺均衡劣于垄断,优于完全竞争

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And from the point of view of the rest of us, the consumers, this Cournot quantity is worse than perfect competition but better than monopoly.

而从消费者的角度来看,古诺均衡劣于完全竞争,但优于垄断情况

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So this is the total quantity produced on this equilibrium, in this Cournot Nash Equilibrium.

这就是在古诺博弈中的,纳什均衡

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The way we solved that Cournot model was we did three kinds of things.

我们通过三个方法,解决那个古诺模型

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I'll increase my production then; I'll be pretty close to the Cournot equilibrium.

我会增加产量,会非常接近古诺均衡产量

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So Patrick's response in Pepsi is to overproduce relative to the monopoly quantity, actually overproduce even relative to the Cournot quantity and produce all the way out here.

百事可乐公司面对垄断产量,采取的举措是增加产量,实际上增加产量就会导致,产量逐渐接近古诺产量

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The Cournot was competing in quantities and Bertrand is competing in prices.

古诺是在产量上竞争,而伯川德是在价格上竞争

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Suppose, in fact, we do end up back at the Cournot quantity.

假如我们处在古诺产量的情况下

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And then we're going to look at that Nash Equilibrium and you're going to think, how does that compare to what I saw in the Cournot case we solved.

最后再看一下那些纳什均衡,你们要去思考,那跟我们学过的,古诺模型比较有什么异同

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So we'd like an outcome that looks a little bit like Cournot, but we'd like the strategy set to be prices, and this is going to do the trick.

我们想要一个跟古诺有点像的结果,但我们希望通过策略来定价,这就需要一些技巧了

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So this is the Nash Equilibrium in this Cournot game.

因此这点就是古诺博弈的纳什均衡了

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Now, this game, this game of imperfect competition between two firms competing in quantities, was thought up and studied by a French economist called Cournot almost a hundred years before Nash.

这个博弈,这个关于两家公司的产量竞争的博弈,早在纳什出生一百多年前就被,一个法国的经济学家古诺研究过

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Consequently, prices are going to go the other way and consequently prices are going to be highest under monopoly, lowest on the competition, and somewhere in between in this Cournot situation.

相应的,价格则呈相反趋势,垄断情况下的价格最高,完全竞争情况下的价格最低,古诺均衡时价格处于两者之间

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How many of you have seen Cournot Duopoly before?

你们有多少人学过古诺双寡头模型

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So this is something that's called the Cournot quantity.

这被称作古诺产出

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So here we are back at the Cournot quantity.

现在我们处在古诺产量下

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So last time, we looked at Cournot.

上节课,我们讲了古诺模型

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So if the firms wanted to make more money, the only thing they could do is they could sign an agreement saying, why don't each of us produce not our Cournot quantity, but produce half monopoly profits.

所以如果你们想多赚钱,唯一能做的就是签协议,我们不要按古诺产量生产了,各自生产垄断利润的一半多好呢

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But in this game, playing best response to each other, figuring out that in fact the other guy is going to cheat on me, or the other guy is anticipating that I'm going to cheat on him, or the other guy is going to anticipate that I'm going to anticipate that he's going to cheat on ,me, etc., etc., will eventually drag us back to the Cournot quantity.

但在这个博弈中,互相采取最佳对策,预料到了对方会违约,或者对方预料到了我会违约,或者对方知道我会预料到,他会违约,以此类推,那么最终还是会达成古诺产量的

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