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When people study stereotypes they often make certain distinctions between three levels of stereotypes and this is nicely summarized here.
当人们研究刻板印象时,他们通常会区分,三个层次的刻板印象,这里已经清楚地总结起来了。
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which totally goes against the stereotype of like "New Yorkers are mean, they are all like rude and everything."
和那种“纽约人很刻薄，都很没礼貌。”的刻板印象截然不同，
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Their answers are often correct and often possessing stereotypes lets us make reasonable and correct generalizations about the world.
他们的答案通常是正确的,通常刻板印象能让我们合理地,正确地归纳世界。
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It's Dickens in part, that stereotype of old London, of the urban working class, but it's not just Dickens. Moby Dick is here too.
其中有狄更斯出现，有对于伦敦及当地工人阶级的,刻板印象，不仅仅是狄更斯的影子，还有《白鲸记》
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This is a false stereotype.
这是一种错误的刻板印象。
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Marxist analysis has given us this all too rigid picture of the nobility sort of letting their nails grow long, "They are nobles because they do nothing."
马克思主义分析家给出这样的刻板形象,贵族整日游荡,无所事事,"他们是贵族所以他们什么都不做"
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So, we have stereotypes in our heads about men and women, about children, adolescents or adults, whites, blacks, Asians and so on.
所以我们有各种各样的刻板印象，对男人，对女人，对小孩，对青少年，对成年人，对白人，对黑人，对亚洲人等等。
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Here is another one. This is also public stereotypes of blacks, proportion of white respondents endorsing each trait.
这一个也是对于黑人的公众刻板印象，认为黑人具有这样特征的白人的比例。
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And part of the pleasure for him is to do that transaction, to enliven the old East with the young West. These are all stereotypes of America, but Sal really believes them and really inhabits them.
他将这群人带到纽约，其中的乐趣在于一种“交换“,他想让新西部带动老西部，使其活跃，不过这些都是,对美国的刻板印象，但萨尔真的相信，这种印象占据他大脑。
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And so, there's been a profound change in public presentations, public views, on race but what about implicit views? This gets more complicated.
所以人们在公众中表达他们对种族的,刻板印象发生了巨大的变化,但私下的刻板印象呢？这就复杂了。
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But we have no problems when it comes to things like breeds of dogs with stereotypes.
我们并不介意,用刻板印象来评判不同品种的狗。
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These are all stereotypes about chairs and about apples and about dogs.
这就是对椅子的刻板印象,对苹果和对狗的刻板印象。
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Private is what you really think but you don't tell people.
私下的刻板印象是你真实的想法,但你不会告诉别人。
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What's more interesting is below even that there may be unconscious associations that work that people don't actually know about but affects their thoughts about race, gender and other social groups.
更有趣的是第三层,刻板印象还会在潜意识在起作用,人们根本意识不到这点,但它现样会影响人们关于种族，性别和其他社会群体的看法。
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And often in response people who want to foster more positive views will often try to--will often put in representatives from other groups in unusual ways to make that point.
为了反击这种刻板印象,想形成一个积极观点的人,通常都会…,引进其他群体的成员,以不同寻常的方式来证明他们的观点。
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You might have positive stereotypes about certain groups.
你对某些群体的刻板印象可以是积极的。
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So, for instance, it's a moral principle that some of us would hold to that even if stereotypes are correct it is still immoral to apply them in day to day life.
例如，有一个道德原则,是有些人很坚持的,那就是即使刻板印象是正确的,但如果在日常生活中应用它，是不道德的。
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It turns out when you do that women get hired far more suggesting that the stereotype is A, incorrect and B, has a real negative and unfair effect on people getting hired.
结果发现这样做的话，女人的录取率大大提高,这表明了，第一，刻板印象是不正确的,第二，消极和不公平地影响了,她们的录取率。
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A second problem is what I was talking about immediately before this is some of our data are misleading so we get a lot of the information about the world from the media.
刻板印象的另一个问题是,我刚才就讲了,我们接收到的有些信息是误导人的,我们能接收到这个世界很多信息,从媒体上接收到。
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First, some of these stereotypes are positive.
首先，有些刻板印象是积极的。
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The finding is that if your race or your group has a negative stereotype associated with it in any particular domain, being reminded of it serves as a stereotype threat and hence damages your performance in all sorts of domains.
他们发现如果你的种族或群体,跟一个消极的刻板印象有关,随便在什么领域上，如果别人在你面前提前，就足以构成刻板印象威胁,从而影响你在这个领域上的表现。
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A lot of journals do blind reviewing now because of the evidence I talked about before regarding sexual stereotypes, that whether it has a male name or a female name makes a difference. So those are not-- those are group level in that they're not saying, "You get rid of your prejudices by trying harder."
现在很多报刊都审查论文都是匿名的,原因就是我刚才讲的,性别刻板印象，名字会透露作者是男性或女性,这样会影响审查公正，所以…,这些群体要摆脱刻板印象，并不是一味压抑就行的“
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I think the answer is that both play a role but some of the effects are due to stereotypes above and beyond in-group favoritism.
我想两者都有,但刻板印象的影响,要高于组内偏爱。
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It does show that people possess these stereotypes that make a difference in their real-world behavior.
但它表明人们的这些刻板印象,会影响他们在现实生活中的行为。
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The fact that white Americans favor white Americans over black Americans might be because of stereotypes but they also might be of in-group favoritism.
白人喜欢,白人，而不是黑人,可能是因为刻板印象,也可能是由于组内偏爱的心理。
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That's the sort of good news about stereotypes but there's also bad news.
这是刻板印象的积极作用,但它也有消极作用。
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You have no explicit racist attitudes, honestly you really don't, but the argument is that these stereotypes can affect your behavior in all sorts of subtle ways.
你没有表达过任何种族主义态度，说实话，你真的没有，但我们认为这些刻板印象,能通过各种不显著的途径来影响你的行为。
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Those are your public presentations of stereotypes.
你们就是这样在公众在表达你们的刻板印象的。
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And to the extent these portray an unrealistic or unfair or biased perception of the world we could construct stereotypes that are faithful to the data we're getting but the data is not representative.
因为媒体,没有真实，公平，不偏不倚地反映世界,我们的刻板印象,就会根据这些信息来形成,但这些信息并不能以一概全。
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