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OK. Binary search is perhaps the simplest of the divide and conquer algorithms, and what does that mean? It says, in order to solve a problem, cut it down to a smaller problem and try and solve that one.
好了，二分搜索也许是,最简单的分治算法，这意味着什么？,也就是说，为了解决一个问题,把它切割成小的问题,然后再来一个个解决。
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Cutting involves enzymes called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, which I've already mentioned and they have names.
切割用到的酶叫限制性核酸内切酶,或限制性内切酶,我已经提到过了,而且它们都有名字
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He doesn't so much insist as you will see in your reading on the actual separation of functions of government putting them into separate hands.
但他其实并未坚持,如你们在阅读中会发现,政府的职权,是否真的分离,将权力切割开来。
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It is both that which organizes a structure and that which isn't really qualified to organize anything, because it's not in the structure; it's outside the structure, something that imposes itself from without like a cookie cutter on the structure, right?
它既组织结构,又不真正地具有组织任何事物的资格，因为它不在结构之中，而是在结构之外，它将自己强加于结构之上,而不是像一个饼干成形切割刀一样，是吗？
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In this case, this particular restriction enzyme cuts symmetrically like this, but not at the same point.
在我们这种情况下,这个限制性内切酶总是这样对称地切割,但两条链切割的位点不一样
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And not just a camera but there are also tools on the end of these things so you can cut and you can do manipulations through this instrument.
除了摄像头外,在关节镜的末端还有其他的器械,你可以体外操纵这些器械进行切割等操作
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That cutting is done by special proteins called restriction enzymes.
切割是由一种特别的蛋白质完成的,称为限制性内切酶
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One way that you can look for that gene that you want is by making the cut in your plasmid inside of a gene that encodes for some property like resistance to an antibiotic.
一种找到成功重组质粒的方式,是在质粒控制某种特性的编码区域切割,例如,对抗生素的抗性
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When it cuts it leaves sticky ends or un-base paired single stranded regions on each end of the part its cut and that's just a property of many restriction enzymes; not all, some cut blunt,just right down the middle.
它切割后会留下两个粘性末端,或者未配对的单链部分,这是许多限制性内切酶的特性,但不是全部,有些限制性内切酶是从中间钝切的
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If this was a sickle patient, so they had this gene instead it wouldn't get cut and when I went to look for that presence of that gene on this gel, it would appear as one large segment instead of a large one and a smaller one.
而如果是个镰状红细胞贫血的病人,他们的基因是不会被限制酶切割的,因此他们基因的凝胶电泳结果就不会呈现,一大一小的结果,而只有一个大的片段
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If you have DNA fragments, so this is DNA that you've cut up into fragments using restriction enzymes for example.
如果你有DNA片段,例如有一段你用限制酶,切割成片段的DNA
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When it sees that sequence in a double stranded DNA it will bind there and it will cut.
当它在双链DNA中发现这个序列,就会与之结合并切割
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Now another property of restriction enzymes is that they always cut the DNA in the same way.
限制性内切酶的另一个特性是,总是以同样的方式切割DNA
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If I cut up just DNA from the chromosome, what's called genomic DNA, then I'm going to have both exons and introns within the fragments that I create.
如果我切割的恰好是染色体上的,基因组DNA,那我切成的片段上,就会同时有外显子和内含子
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The first step is we had to be able to take this circular DNA and cut it to create a site for our new gene to be added.
第一步是切割环形DNA,以创造出一个整合新基因的位点
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If I cut both the plasmid and my DNA of interest with the same restriction enzyme I'm going to end up with the same sticky ends on both molecules.
如果用同一种限制性内切酶,来切割质粒和我感兴趣的DNA,在两个分子上就能得到同样的粘性末端
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Restriction enzymes are just a kind of enzyme, enzymes are protein molecules that make a chemical reaction go faster, and the chemical reaction that restriction enzymes do is cutting DNA.
限制性内切酶是一种酶,而酶是加速化学反应的蛋白质分子,限制性内切酶加速的化学反应,是切割DNA
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This gives you a biological mechanism for cutting, using restriction enzymes, and then you denature so that it falls apart, and then you renature so that it comes back together.
这是一种切割DNA的生物机制,用限制性内切酶,改变DNA的性质让它打开,然后让它合起来恢复它的性质
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If I took this same restriction enzyme and tried to cut the chromosomal DNA of a sickle patient, it wouldn't cut at that point because the wrong sequence is there.
而如果我用同样的限制酶,去切割病人的染色体DNA,那该酶是不会起作用的,因为基因序列不对
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If you cut and you open up a segment of DNA then you've left these sticky ends, for example and these sticky ends are capable of recognizing each other by the process of hybridization.
如果你进行切割打开一个DNA片段,就会留下,比如说,这些粘性末端,这些粘性末端能在杂交的过程中互相识别
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There are hundreds,thousands of them known now, and each one has a specific character and one aspects of its character is that it only binds and cuts at a particular sequence of DNA.
已知的有成百上千种,每一种都有自己的特性,特性之一是,只结合和切割特定的某一种DNA序列
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Well one way you could do it is by saying 'if I have this one base pair difference then this sequence is going to be cut by a specific restriction enzyme that recognizes the sequence CTGAGGA'.
一种方法是通过考虑,"如果我有这个不同的碱基对,那该序列必然会,被特定的限制酶识别并切割,这个特定的限制酶能识别,CTGAGGA "
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