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A pancreas--cell in the pancreas, for example, needs to make insulin and so the gene for insulin is transcribed.
举个例子,一个胰腺细胞,要分泌胰岛素,那么编码胰岛素蛋白的基因就会被转录
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you're going to release hormones like testosterone and GH, which oxidizes fat for energy.
你就会分泌出像睾丸酮和生长激素那样的激素，把你的脂肪氧化成能量。
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But over and over again, if you put the bell and the food together, pretty soon the bell will generate saliva.
但是，如果铃声和食物多次同时出现，很快，铃声便也能促使狗分泌出唾液。
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Adrenaline is another one, produced by cells in your adrenal gland but used by cells all over your body.
肾上腺素是另一个例子,肾上腺素由肾上腺细胞分泌,但全身各处的细胞都能利用它
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use the whole body, hormones release, and then your body respond and get stronger.
用全身，分泌激素，然后你的身体会做出反应，会变得强壮。
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The drug L-DOPA increases the supply of dopamine and so there is something to alleviate, at least temporarily, the symptoms of Parkinson's.
左旋多巴这种药可以增加多巴胺的分泌量,所以这种药物,至少可以暂时性地缓解,帕金森症的症状
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When it does your pancreas receives a signal that your blood glucose has started to go up, and it will secrete insulin.
这时你的胰腺会收到信号,你的血糖水平开始升高了,它就会分泌胰岛素
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So maybe - and here thinking about the pancreas has many functions but one of its important functions is to secrete insulin.
胰腺有很多的功能,其中最重要的功能之一,就是分泌胰岛素
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When Pavlov put food powder in the dog's mouth and saliva was generated, that's an unconditioned stimulus giving rise to an unconditioned response.
巴甫洛夫给狗喂食,狗会分泌唾液，这就是无条件刺激引起了无条件反应。
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So, there are cells in your pancreas which recognize glucose levels and they secrete insulin in response.
你的胰腺细胞能够,识别血糖水平,并分泌胰岛素作为反馈
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Well, insulin is a protein, it's produced by cells in the pancreas, it circulates in your blood.
胰岛素是一种蛋白质,由胰腺细胞分泌,随着血液不断在体内循环
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An example is production of certain molecules called cytokines by T-cells that activate themselves.
细胞能分泌这类叫做细胞因子的分子,实现自激活
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No idea why he wanted to study saliva, but he then discovered something.
他研究唾液分泌的初衷我们不得而知，但他却因为这个研究而有所发现。
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When they do that, this insulin then starts to circulate throughout the blood.
当胰岛素开始分泌后,胰岛素就开始通过血液来循环
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One is shown at the top here, its call autocrine.
一种在最上面,称为自分泌
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So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.
所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞
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Helper cells don't become cytotoxic cells but they help B cells become antigen producing - antibody producing cells.
附助细胞不会成为细胞毒细胞,它们帮助B细胞成为抗体分泌细胞
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Individual cells of the pancreas are capable of - of a healthy pancreas are capable of both sensing glucose and secreting insulin.
每一个健康胰腺细胞,都可以感知血液中葡萄糖浓度,并分泌胰岛素
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What he would do is he'd put food powder in the dog's mouth to generate saliva.
他的做法是,给狗喂食，让狗分泌唾液。
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But Pavlov observed that when somebody entered the room who typically gave him the food powder, the dog--the food powder saliva would start to come out.
他注意到,当给它喂食的人,进屋时，狗便开始分泌唾液。
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When the bell comes connected with food, there's a lot of saliva.
当铃声和食物形成了联系，狗会因为铃声的出现而分泌大量唾液。
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If you get--They really count the number of cubic centimeters of saliva.
图标记录了分泌出的唾液量。
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And later on if you right before or right during you give the dog some food you--you ping a bell the bell will cause the saliva to come forth.
,在喂食前或者喂食过程中,你摇铃,铃声就会加速唾液的分泌。
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A weird thing which is discussed in the textbook is if you wait a while and then you try it again with the bell after a couple of hours, the saliva comes back.
教材中讨论了一件奇怪的事情,如果你稍等一会,在几个小时之后用铃声重新去尝试，狗会重新开始分泌唾液。
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Well, one because you're not taking anymore glucose in, but the other because when you did eat glucose you got more insulin and the glucose got shuttled into cells where it's either used or stored.
一个是因为你没有再摄入更多的糖分,另一个原因就是,当你摄入糖时,胰岛素分泌增加,糖被转运到细胞内部,要么被用掉要么被储存
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A small molecule gets produced by cells in one part of the body, circulates in the blood, estrogen enters cells, and sometimes that estrogen is able to penetrate deep within the cell, even into the nucleus.
雌激素是由身体某部分细胞分泌的,随着血液循环进入细胞,有时雌激素能够进入到细胞内部,甚至进入到细胞核内
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Your pancreas normally makes insulin.
常人的胰脏会分泌胰岛素
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He was interested in saliva.
他研究的是唾液的分泌。
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Another example is called paracrine.
另一类叫做旁分泌
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So not all of the B-cells that are stimulated become plasma cells or antibody secreting cells.
所以,并不是所有的B淋巴细胞,被刺激分化成为,浆细胞或是抗体分泌细胞
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