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In fact, of all the systems of cellular differentiation that are known in our bodies, probably hematopoiesis is the best known.
事实上,我们体内已知的,所有由细胞分化成的系统中,造血系统也许是最为人所熟知的
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That's because it's here where the rigid polarities between light and dark and good and evil, all of these absolute oppositions, begin to collapse.
这是因为这里就是光与暗,善与恶之间严格的两极分化，及所有绝对的对比开始崩塌的地方。
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A capability for asymmetric division and the production of cells that become differentiating more mature cells, those are properties of stem cells.
能够完成不对称分裂,以及产生细胞,并分化成为一些更成熟的细胞,这些是干细胞的性质
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The popular, old-fashioned Frost and the elite, modern Frost--these roles point to a division in the audiences for poetry that emerges clearly in this period.
这个大受欢迎，旧式的弗罗斯特和那个高雅的，现代的弗罗斯特，这些角色指出了观众的分化,因为诗歌在这个阶段表现的是那个。
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Embryonic stem cells can give rise to every cell type in the body.
能分化出人体中,各种类型的细胞。
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But they also serve another very important function, and that was the formation and maintenance of a differentiated ethnic identity or in Priestly parlance, the formation and maintenance of a holy peoples separated out from other nations by rules that mark her as God's people.
但是它们也有另外一个很重要的功能，这个功能形成并维护了,一个分化的种族身份，或者用神职人员的说法，这些规则促使了神圣民族的形成和保持,这个民族和其他的城邦区别开来，被标记为上帝的子民。
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So what do I mean by products being differentiated?
我所说的产品被分化了是什么意思呢
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They're ready to rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells and they're waiting for that second signal to come.
并可以迅速分化为,抗体分泌细胞,记忆细胞在等待第二次信号的到来
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Now, one of the great hopes of modern biology is that we can figure out how to reverse that process in cells.
如今,现代生物学的一个最大希望,就是希望能够,发现逆转分化过程的方法
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Some of those differences in cells are obvious if you look at the cells in an adult organism.
你留心观察某个成年的生物,就会发现某些细胞分化极其明显
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Pluripotent stem cells that are capable of self-renewal to generate themselves and are capable of dividing into both bioloid and lymphoid progenitor cells.
多能干细胞,是能够通过自我更新进行自我生成的细胞,也能分化成髓系祖细胞,或者淋巴祖细胞
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When cells become more like cells of the mature brain they're said to differentiate into brain cells.
当细胞变得越来越像成熟的脑细胞的时候,我们就称其为分化成了脑细胞
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They're not quite as potent as the cells from earlier because they've now differentiated somewhat.
它们不如早些的细胞有那样多的潜能,因为它们已经分化到一定程度了
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Cells move from a state of limited differentiation to a state of more differentiation.
细胞从一个有限的分化状态,进入一个更深层次的分化状态
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One way of referring to this cell is in terms of its potential and the zygote obviously has the potential of becoming all of the cells of our body.
干细胞的一个特点,就是它有分化潜能,而受精卵,显然有变成我们体内任何细胞的潜能
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The zygote or this fertilized egg is a completely undifferentiated cell.
受精卵,或者说已受精的卵子,是一个完全未分化的细胞
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One example of a very different cell is a red cell or red blood cell, these are the cells that give blood it's red color.
举个高度分化细胞的例子,红细胞,或称血红细胞,它们赋予了血液鲜红的色彩
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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It happens through a very regulated, coordinated slow process of what is called differentiation.
这是通过一种严格协调调控的过程完成的,这个过程我们称为细胞分化
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In that process, cells become different in ways that appear to be highly organized.
这个过程中,细胞通过某种高度有序的方式进行分化
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It's gone down a path towards maturation that's very difficult to go back up.
它在分化成熟的道路上越走越远,覆水难收了
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They differentiate, they make many copies of themselves - I'm sorry they proliferate, they make many copies of themselves, and then they differentiate into antibody production machines.
它们开始分化,再制造很多自身的拷贝,对不起应该是先扩增,扩增出很多自身的拷贝,然后分化成为制造抗体的机器
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So, reproduction, proliferation, cell growth happens and then those cells become more differentiated.
所以 繁殖 扩增 细胞开始生长,然后这些细胞开始分化
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The general word for that process of making differences between cells is differentiation.
一言以蔽之,细胞之间产生差异的过程称为分化
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How we could take cells that are differentiated to some extent and make them de-differentiate, to go back in the process of differentiation so that they gain more potential.
我们如何把一些已经分化到,一定程度的细胞去分化,使其回到分化之前,重新获得更多的潜能
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These signaling proteins play important roles in determining how many cells differentiate down particular pathways and they turn out also to be very useful for treating diseases of those pathways.
这些信号蛋白在决定特定分化路径上,有多少细胞在分化时起着重要作用,且在治疗疾病方面也很有用,同样也是利用这些机制
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It goes - going through this process of amplifying divisions, every division increasing the number of cells by a factor of two and these cells becoming more differentiated around the way.
它经历了一系列扩增性的分裂过程,每次分化,细胞数目都翻一番,而在此过程中细胞分化得更成熟
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What is actually changing during this process of differentiation?
分化的过程中,实际发生了哪些变化
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They have become as different as they can be.
它们已经几近分化之能事
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Many of the cell types are missing.
许多其它类型的细胞也难以分化出来。
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