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This is a signal - this passing of phosphorous - is a signal that's used very frequently in intracellular communication.
这是一种信号,一种通过磷酸来传递的信号,这种信号在细胞内通讯时经常被用到
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They often involve the generation of what are called 'second messenger' molecules which carry the signal further into the cell.
过程中通常会生成一种叫做,第二信使的分子,将信号更深入地传递至细胞内部
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That's what's illustrated here with the end result being that there's some change in the life of the cell.
这里显示的是,在信号放大传递后,细胞内发生的变化
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They're ready to rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells and they're waiting for that second signal to come.
并可以迅速分化为,抗体分泌细胞,记忆细胞在等待第二次信号的到来
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That would be - you could have a cell that did that but that would be cell that could only send one signal.
那样就会,你的细胞可以发出信号,但这个细胞只能发出一次信号
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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An example of that is, of course, insulin which is produced by cells of the pancreas and acts on cells all over the body.
这种信号传递的例子,就是胰脏细胞产生的胰岛素,作用于全身各处的细胞
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It sends it's signal, it's signal - the signal that it sends is this change in voltage, and once it changes, maybe it's all done.
它发出信号,它通过电压的改变发出信号,然而一旦电压改变,细胞的使命到此就终结了
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One kind of cellular communication occurs by similar mechanisms to what we were talking about.
细胞通讯中的一种,与我刚才讲过的信号转导的机制相似
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This is, maybe, the strangest because the ligand that stimulates the receptor is produced by the cell itself; so sometimes cells make signals that they receive.
它可能是最奇特的,因为激活受体的配体,是由细胞自身产生的,有时细胞产生让自己接受的信号
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There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
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How do cells pass the signal from themselves to the next cell?
细胞怎样将信号传递给下一个细胞
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It's collecting information from all these dendrites under the right series of signals the cell body integrates all that information, says time for me to fire an action potential.
神经收集所有树突送来的,通过一系列正确信号传来的信息,细胞体整合所有信息之后,就到了发出动作电位的时候了
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When they receive the signal they make - they change in a very specific way and the cell can recognize this change that's occurred at the cell surface.
当它们接收到信号之后,就会发生十分特殊的变化,细胞能够识别自身表面发生的这种变化
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It could be that that signal is 'you need more glucose', and so the cellular response is to create more glucose transporters to bring more glucose into the cell.
这信号还可能是,"需要更多葡萄糖",细胞的反馈就是,产生更多的葡萄糖载体,将更多的糖分子输送进细胞
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So, it makes a binary decision, either I create an action potential or I don't, but that decision could be based on many inputs, not just on input from one cell.
所以 这里产生一个二选一的决策,就是产生动作电位亦或不产生,不过这个决定可能是,根据很多输入信号做出的,而不是仅凭单个细胞所传来的信号
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So action potentials are used by tissues in different ways to send signals from one cell to another or from one end of one cell to another end of the cell.
所以组织以不同的方式利用动作电位,将信号从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞,或从一个神经末梢到另一个神经末梢
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Estrogen is a natural signal for cells to grow.
雌激素是一类细胞生长信号
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Sometimes signals are transmitted between cells by cell/cell contact.
有时细胞与细胞靠互相接触进行信号传递
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Sometimes second messengers collect signals from a variety of different receptor systems, translate them into one kind of internal change, and the cell then just has to know about that one thing changing.
第二信使分子能够收集,来自不同受体系统的信号,将它们转化为同一种细胞内在的变化,这样细胞就只需对一种变化作出反应
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Because this post-synaptic neuron is going to be receiving different signals from different cells, it's decision about what to do next, and the what to do next is either create an actual potential or not create an action potential.
因此突触后神经元可以接收,来自不同细胞的不同信号,然后决定后续反应,后续反应包括产生动作电位,或者不产生动作电位
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Well, the endocrine system is a body organ system that is specialized in producing these kinds of signals that are used - that accumulate in the blood and are used by cells all over the body.
内分泌系统是一种,作用于周身各器官的系统,它专门产生这些有用的信号,这些信号在血液中聚集,全身各处的细胞都可利用
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It turns out that cells receive signals or information from the rest of the body in a variety of ways, but there's one way in particular that's a very useful way for thinking about how cells receive most information.
研究证明,细胞内有很多,接收体内其他部位信号或者信息的方式,但有一种特定的方法十分有用,这种方法使细胞能最大程度地接受信息
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Here, what's different between autocrine and paracrine is that there's some distance between the cell that produces the signal and the cell that receives the signal, but it's not too great a distance because the blood system doesn't have to be involved.
自分泌和旁分泌的区别在于,旁分泌中,产生信号的细胞和接收信号的细胞,之间存在着一定的距离,但这个距离并不远,因为血液系统并不参与
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This is a mechanism by which an electrical signal comes here, it gets translated into a chemical signal, the chemical diffuses across the gap and reinitiates a - an electrical signal in the next cell and that's one way that it happens.
这就是电信号产生的机理,电信号翻译成化学信号,化学物质扩散过突触间隙,重新激起下个细胞中的电信号,这是一种方式
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Another subset of T-cells called T helper cells will recognize that signal by direct contact with it, and they will become activated and proliferate.
另外一个T细胞的亚群是辅助性T细胞,辅助性T细胞可识别与其接触的抗原信号,并被激活,开始增殖
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Here's where the intelligence of the immune system comes in, is that these cytotoxic T-cells that are generated only kill cells that have this signal on it.
免疫系统的聪明之处就在此,这些细胞毒T细胞,只能杀死具有特殊标记信号的细胞
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There are molecules in cells that give the DNA the signal that it's time to transcribe and express a gene, those are called transcription factors, we'll talk about them a bit later.
在细胞中有些分子能够,给DNA发出信号告诉它,是时候转录和表达某基因了,这些分子叫做转录因子,晚些时候我们会讲它们
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So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.
所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝
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