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That naturally hits monoline insurance companies more than multiline insurance companies because they are more specialized and more vulnerable.
它对单线保险公司的冲击,自然要大于多线保险公司,因为它们的业务更单一也更容易受到影响
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and we help businesses that are doing business in other countries get insurance in those countries, so.
我们帮助在外国经营的公司在那些国家得到保险，就这样。
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Or the insurance company could be a mutual insurance company, in which case the insurance company is owned by the insured.
保险公司也可以是互助保险公司,也就是保险公司的股东就是被保险人
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On the other hand, what if insurance companies determined that people from Asia got into more accidents than people from Europe?
但是如果保险公司,判定亚洲裔,比欧洲裔更容易出车祸呢？
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I want to talk about certain kinds of monoline insurance companies that-- the biggest--one category is property and casualty.
下面我想分类介绍一下,单线保险公司,最大的一类是财产保险公司
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She said, we have it now at Swiss Re and, of course, The World Bank sponsors crop insurance for farmers.
她说,我们公司推出了农作物保险业务,而且世界银行也向农户提供保险补贴
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So they--in other words, the insurance company--doesn't trust the insurance companies to do the calculations like I showed with the binomial theorem.
因此他们...也就是说,他们不放心让保险公司按照二项式定理,自己计算准备金要求
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Moreover, beyond that, how does one know, in taking out an insurance policy, that the insurance company is going to be sound?
除此之外，在人们购买保险时，该如何得知保险公司，会严格按照保单言而守信呢？
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I want to come back to-- I told you that monoline was in the news a lot lately.
我想回到...,我提到过单线保险公司是新闻热点
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There's the insurance company, could be a corporation and it could be either a non-profit corporation or a for-profit corporation owned by shareholders.
一个保险公司,可以是,非盈利性股份公司,也可以是以盈利为目的的股份公司
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It uses the binomial distribution to calculate the probability of getting any specific number of accidents.
保险公司就可以用二项分布公式,来计算特定数目事故发生的概率
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When I last explained this to Professor Shiller, ? he said, well what about insurance companies?
他是否还记得，他说，那保险公司呢？
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One thing that the government has to do is reassure that reserves' requirements are met.
政府需要确保保险公司的,保险准备金达到规定的数额
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With non-participating--with participating, you are participating in the portfolio outcome that the insurance company is experiencing, so you have some uncertainty about your cash value.
所谓参与式分红保险,是指你的收益来自某个投资组合收益,而这个投资组合是由保险公司来管理的,所以保单的现金价值是不确定的
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Some of the things I said--you'd probably say, well I should have known that an insurance company would have to do that, but it isn't.
对于我说的一些东西，你可能会说，我早就知道,保险公司会如此操作，但事实并非如此。
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Now, how can the insurance company ever evaluate every house properly to avoid that?
如今，保险公司是如何准确评估,每一个房屋的价值而避免那种情况呢？
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You have to have the insurance company set up with a structure itself that guarantees that they have enough reserves to meet the losses that they might incur.
你得保证保险公司的设立是基于以下前提,即它能保证拥有足够的储存资金,以便用来拟补有可能发生的损失。
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They have to contend with something called moral hazard, which is the risk that people will be affected by the fact that they're insured and do something bad.
保险公司必须应对道德风险的问题,也就是说,有些人可能会因为购买了保险,而动了歪念来骗取保费
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If the insurance company has risk, it's because they've made a mistake.
如果说保险公司有风险的话，那是因为他们犯了一个错误。
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We hear a lot about monoline insurance companies in the newspapers today.
现在,我们在报纸上读到了很多关于,单线保险公司的新闻
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Insurers, just like mutual funds, are providing risk pooling for you.
保险公司和共同基金一样,为客户提供风险汇聚服务
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When you do these calculations, which I just did for insurance-- I was talking about insurance companies-- assuming that risks are independent, everything's independent and we've got it all figured out.
当你试图去,做保险相关计算时,我指的是保险公司...,假定风险是独立的,事件都是独立的,可以算出一个结果
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So, there will be new municipal bond insurers appearing that will take up slack and we'll be all right but the problem is that we may have a crisis for a while.
新的市政债券保险公司将会出现,那样我们暂时可以松口气,但是问题是,次贷危机将会延续相当长的时间
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They also have to deal with selection bias.
保险公司也要面临选择性偏差
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The New York state regulators have been trying to get companies to subscribe more capital to the monoline insurance companies to bolster their capital so that they have more money to pay out; that will prevent any more lowering of their ratings.
纽约州的监管者试图请一些公司,向单线保险公司支援更多资金,以便他们能应付保险赔付要求,那样可以阻止进一步的降级
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The reserves are an accounting entry-- it's how much they are required to hold, but the companies will hold more than that, typically, in order to protect themselves-- more than is required--and their policy holders-- more than is required by the regulators.
提取准备金就要做会计分录,由相关部门的规定,来提存一定量的准备金,但是保险公司可以持有更多的准备金,通常,多提存是为了,保护他们自己以及投保人,于是持有更多准备金
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This is something that's very important in the United States because, as I mentioned, insurance regulation is divided up over the fifty states and the problem that that creates is-- it's a nightmare for insurance companies because every different state has different laws.
在美国,这个协会是非常重要的,因为,就像我所提及的,保险监管被分散到了五十个州,这对任何一个保险公司而言,都是一个噩梦,因为各州法律各有不同
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They said, it's not going to work because you have to decide how much the house is insured for and then anybody--If you ever make a mistake and you insure it for too much, then the people who realize they've got one on the insurance company-- they've insured the house for more than it's worth-- they'll burn down their house and collect the money.
他们说，火险根本无法实施,因为你必须判断,这房子的保价是多少,一旦你出现了一些失误,保价评估得过高，那些意识到他们可能会从,保险公司赚利的人们-,即保险公司的保价高于房子的实际价值-,他们就会烧掉自己的房子来赚钱。
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This thing collapsed in the 1980s and it cost the U.S. Government, through the FSLIC, about 150 billion dollars.
0世纪80年代,坏账集中爆发,美国政府经联邦储蓄贷款保险公司之手,花费了约1500亿美元才填补了坏账
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What this did is it allowed banks to offer insurance or to ally and join in and merge with insurance companies.
这个法案允许了银行从事保险业务,或者与保险公司合作,整合,并购
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