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We're going to talk about how they're prepared, but it's a preparation that is intended to stimulate your immune system.
我们会讲它们是如何做准备的,它通过刺激你的免疫系统来进行准备
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Usually it's done by taking all or part of the infectious agent, and showing them to your immune system in some way.
通常它会带着全部或部分抗原介质,并以某种方式呈递给你的免疫系统
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So a vaccine is designed in order to engage that biology, in order to provide antigens that will stimulate specifically your immune system.
所以疫苗的作用就是参与这个生理活动,提供抗原 来刺激你的免疫系统
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We now know what the scientific basis of that is, it involves activation of our immune system.
我们都知道这样做的科学依据,这牵涉到激活你的免疫系统
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That is, mix it with things which make it more make your immune system respond more strongly.
也就是说,增大剂量以使,你的免疫系统产生强烈的反应
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Learning how to turn on your immune system to protect you from a specific pathogen turns out to be very particular to that pathogen.
它发动你的免疫系统来保护你,免受某种病原体的侵袭,只是针对这种特定病原体
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And those words mean different things: immunogenic means that it stimulates your immune system for a response; pathogenic means that it causes a disease.
这两个词有不同的意义,免疫效应是指,刺激免疫系统产生免疫应答,致病性意指它能使你患病
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You could imagine that you've got virus that's propagating inside your cells, making more and more virus, your immune system really responds well to that.
你可以想象,病毒在你的体细胞内繁殖,数量越来越多,你的免疫系统对此反应非常之强烈
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And so this slide just illustrates that in a simple way, the range of different kinds of organisms that your immune system is trying to--whoops!
这个幻灯片只是简要概括了,各种不同微生物的范围,你的免疫系统正在尝试,噢
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Because it infects your cells and reproduces, your immune system responds much more vigorously.
由于它会感染你的细胞并且繁殖,所以你的免疫系统会有很强烈的反应
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Now, normally that's a good thing because if you're out in the world and you get infected with adenoviruses you recover from it, your immune system can get rid of it.
通常情况下这是好事,这可以让暴露在户外的你,免于腺病毒的侵害,你的免疫系统可以清除病毒
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your innate immune system tries to get rid of them.
你的先天性免疫系统试着去清除细菌
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It can separate between what's part of yourself and what's foreign, and it does that by presenting, by recognizing antigens that are presented in the context of the major histocompatibility complex, MHC.
免疫系统可以识别出哪些是属于你的,哪些是外来的,它通过呈递和识别抗原达到目的,而抗原是存在于,主要组织相容性复合体中的
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One of the beautiful things about antibodies is that one your immune system is able to make antibodies against all the thousands, ten thousand, hundred thousand different pathogens that you'll come into contact with in your lifetime.
抗体的一个绝妙之处就在于,你的免疫系统可以分泌抗体来对抗,成千上万的 甚至数以十万计不同病原体,这些病原体都是你一生中可能会遇到的
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And so we talked very briefly last time about this business of antigen presentation, how your immune system-- one of the things that it does especially well, is recognize what's part of you and what's not part of you.
上次我们简单的提到过,有关抗原呈递的一些知识,你的免疫系统如何,这也是免疫系统尤其擅长的一点,就是识别哪些部分属于你,哪些不属于
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How is your immune system going to recognize that this virus is there causing bad results if it's living inside of a cell and doing all its business inside a cell where antibodies can't get to it?
你的免疫系统怎样才能识别,作恶多端的病毒呢,如果它隐藏在细胞中进行繁殖,而抗体又无法进入细胞,那该怎么办
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Or you get a cold, the cold virus takes hold, the viruses start replicating inside of you and it takes some time for immune system to gear up to eliminate it, so we're used to thinking about responses that take some time.
或者你得了感冒,感冒病毒扎根在你的身体中,病毒开始在你体内复制,免疫系统需要一定时间做好准备去消灭它,所以我们曾认为免疫反应需要一定时间
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You have to inject it multiple times because the first blip that you get in immune response is not very high, you have to boost and often you have to boost again in order to get a high enough response to be protected.
你必须得进行多次注射,因为第一次注射,无法使免疫系统产生强烈反应,你得要增强免疫,通常还得再增强一次,以使反应足够强烈,从而起到保护作用
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So, those wrong proteins get presented on MHC1 and your immune system can kill the cell because it's a tumor cell.
所以 当这些错误的蛋白,同MHC1一起被呈递,你的免疫系统就可以消灭这些肿瘤细胞
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