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The worship practices of ancient Israel and Judah clearly resemble what we know of Canaanite and Ancient Near Eastern worship practices.
古代以色列和犹太崇拜仪式非常像,我们所知的迦南和古代近东的崇拜仪式。
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There is also a belief in the divine election of David as the king of Israel and his dynasty.
还有一个是信仰对大卫王的选择,作为以色列和他所在时代的王。
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So I think it's important to realize that both within the Palestinian side and Israeli side there's not one opinion.
因此我认为有一点很重要，那就是要意识到,在巴勒斯坦和以色列各方内部,都没有统一的意见。
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The problem is that if you want to do risk-sharing, you're not, ideally, sharing with someone who's just like you living in Israel, working in a certain agricultural industry-- because there are lots of risks that you've already shared.
如果你真的想要达到风险分摊的效果，理论上说，就不应该只和与你的同伴,比如同住在以色列，一样从事农业的人来分摊-,因为你们承担的许多风险是正相关的。
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So Israelite-Judean religion on the ground shared many cultic forms and practices and rituals with Canaanite and Ancient Near Eastern culture generally.
因此以色列-犹太宗教本质上来说,和迦南以及古近东时期的文化,在宗教形式、操作和仪式上有很多共同点。
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All of these would come together to produce what would be a new political and religious reality called Israel.
所有这一切结合起来产生了,新的政治和宗教现实，叫做以色列。
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That was a story that surely was near and dear to the hearts of Many ancient Israelites and Ancient Near Eastern listeners, so all the elements are there for the retelling of that story.
这个故事必然对一些人来说亲近又珍贵,对那些古代以色列和近东的听众，那就具备了复述故事的一切要素。
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So we have a lot of sort of love and marriage imagery, husband and wife imagery, used for God and Israel, but we also have this parent and child imagery that appears.
我们有很多关于爱情和婚姻的隐喻，夫妻的隐喻，用于上帝和以色列之间，但是我们也有亲子之间的隐喻。
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They've managed to procure no more than a burial plot in the Promised Land Even God has left his land, descending with the Israelites into Egypt, so the promises and their fulfillment seem quite remote.
他们只试图在应许之地获得一块葬身之地,甚至上帝也离开了他的土地，与以色列人一起下埃及去，因此许诺和它们的实现似乎相去甚远。
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Deuteronomy also emphasizes social justice and personal ethics and neighborly responsibility. God's own righteous behavior on behalf of the weak and the oppressed is a model for Israel's righteous behavior.
申命记还强调社会公正和个人道德,以及邻里责任，上帝自身的代表弱者和被压迫者的,正直的行为是以色列人正直行为的范本。
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They also had a creation story. They had a flood story. They did animal sacrifices. They observed purity taboos. Israelite religion was another Ancient Near Eastern religion and they differed from their neighbors only over the number of gods they worshiped: one or many.
他们都有原创的神话，他们都有一个关于洪水的神话,都有动物牺牲，他们都尊崇高洁的竹子,以色列宗教是另一种古近东宗教，它们和别的宗教,唯一不同之处就在于崇拜的神的数量：一个还是多个。
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But we are going to be spending a fair amount of time talking actually about the meaning and the function of Israel's purity laws and cultic laws in a later lecture.
但是接下来我们将花相当一部分的时间,讨论以色列纯度法律和祭仪法律的,意义和作用。
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And the high priest loads all of the sins and impurities of the Israelites on the head of a goat, which then carries them off into the wilderness away from the sanctuary.
大祭司将所有的罪孽,和以色列人的不洁放在一头山羊的头上，山羊将这些罪孽和不洁带到远离圣所的荒野以外。
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Because the difference here is that it's posited not only that this God is the only power but that he is only good. And that was not the case with the metadivine realm. Right? That was morally neutral.
因为区别在于这里的上帝不仅是,唯一的能量来源，他也是唯一的神，这和超神领域,没有任何的联系，以色列的上帝在道德上是中立的。
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The use of purity and purity language to inscribe boundaries between Israel and other nations is very characteristic of the post-exilic period.
使用纯净和圣洁的语言,来划分以色列与其他国家的界线,就是流放后时期的一个特色。
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And therefore as a system, the difference between Israel's God and the gods of Israel's neighbors was not merely quantitative. It was qualitative.
而从系统上看来，以色列上帝和其他国家的神之间的区别,不只是数量上的，更是性质上的。
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How do these ideas or how does this material jive with other aspects of Israelite religion that we've talked about so far?
这些观点或内容,是怎么和我们到目前所讲到的,以色列宗教的其他方面相应和的？
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So Deuteronomy warns repeatedly: It is by no special virtue or merit that Israel was the one chosen.
但《申命记》屡次强调：,以色列被选择并不是因为特殊的品德和功绩。
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The Israelites certainly hoped to secure the perpetual aid and blessing and protection of a well-disposed deity.
以色列人当然也想从神灵那里,得到永恒的祝福和保护。
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And that conviction is going to color its presentation, its evaluation and its interpretation of Israel's history and her kings from Joshua right through to 2 Kings.
这一认定将会影响它的描述，它的评估和它对以色列历史的解读,以及它的国王们，从《约书亚》一直到《列王记》
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Interestingly, unlike most ancient sanctuaries, the Israelite sanctuary did not contain a statue of the deity.
有趣的是，和大多数古代神殿不同，以色列神殿里没有神的塑像。
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And certainly, there are Ancient Near Eastern and Canaanite roots for Israelite purity practices.
当然，以色列的纯洁的行为,根植于古近东和迦南地区。
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He says the pagan idea, and I quote, "does not approach Israelite monotheism as it diminishes the number of its gods. The Israelite conception of God's unity entails His sovereign transcendence over all." That's the real issue.
考夫曼认为，异教思想，“即使缩小了神的数量，也和以色列的一神论不同,以色列中上帝的概念还包含了他对世间万物,至高无上的统治，“这是一个实际问题。
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So, which is it, which is part of the question that came from over here, You have on the one hand the claim that Israelite religion is essentially continuous with Ancient Near Eastern polytheism.
刚才那个男生问的是什么问题？,一方面，有人说以色列宗教从本质上,和古近东的多神论是一脉相承的。
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God assists the orphan, the widow and the stranger, and that's the basis of Israel's injunction to assistthem also. It's the basis for the humanitarianism that I mentioned earlier that seems to run through the laws of Deuteronomy 12 through 26.
上帝帮助孤儿，寡妇和陌生人，这就是以色列人的,帮助他们的指令的基础，它也是人道主义的,基础，我曾提到它似乎贯穿了,申命记12到26中的律法。
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Well, like the rest of the ancient world, Israel had a cultic system, and that cultic system featured a sanctuary: a sacred space with holy objects; sacred objects, where priests performed a variety of ritual acts.
和其他古代世界一样，以色列有一个宗教系统，圣所是这个系统的一个特色：,它是一个布满了神圣物体的地方，祭司会在这里举行一系列的仪式。
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