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From this perspective, an animal is just the person's is just the gene's way of creating another animal.
从这个角度看，动物只是人类的,只是基因创造另一种动物的方式。
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Now, in other cases you might want to introduce a gene that's not even normally present in people.
但另外一些情况还需要导入,人类细胞中原来没有的基因
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Just like people have a genetic code, perhaps, that gives us various instructions that we begin to follow out, or certain innate psychology or what have you.
就像人类拥有基因编码,给我们传达各种各样,得以遵循的指示,或者是某种与生俱来的心理,等等等等
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Those people would bank their calories, survive the next famine, contribute to the gene pool, and thereby create what we have today which are organisms, humans, who very much like the kind of diets that are creating problems.
这些人储存能量以保证,在下一次饥荒时得以幸存,使他们的基因保留在了基因库中,从而造就今天的生物体,即人类,人类非常喜欢这类饮食,从而引发了很多问题
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You've heard about the human genome project, we'll talk about that a little bit later.
你们一定听说过人类基因组计划,之后我们会讨论一些有关这个计划的内容
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Say we've got a human gene that we want to make and let's say it's the human gene for insulin that we want to produce now.
假设我们想合成出一个人类的基因,假设现在我们想合成的,是人类的胰岛素基因
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Those are some example of different strategies for using gene therapy in people.
以上就是几种,人类基因治疗的不同策略
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Now the problem with that is a problem I mentioned before, that most human genes are not just a straight sequence from beginning to end of the protein that you're interested in.
但现在的问题,是我之前提到过的,大多数人类基因不是一个连续的序列,从头到尾都对应你想要的蛋白质
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The difference the real difference is in what genes its expressing of the total number of genes in the human genome and therefore if it's expressing these unique this unique set of genes.
真正的不同之处是,在这些细胞中,表达的是人类全部基因中的不同基因,因此如果细胞表达的是,这组独特的基因
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Out of all the genes that are on the human genome which fraction is this particular cell using, which fraction is it expressing determines what proteins are present in the cell, determines what work or what activities the cell can engage in.
人类基因组全部基因中的,特定细胞所表达的基因片段,细胞表达的是哪段基因,决定了细胞中存在什么样的蛋白,决定了细胞会有什么样的功能,或者参与何种生命活动
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If I want to clone a gene from a human, if I want to clone the gene for human isulin, mean make many copies of the gene that's responsible for making insulin, I need to know whether there are introns there or not.
如果我想要从一个人类个体克隆基因,如果我想要克隆人类胰岛素基因,亦即我要把负责生成胰岛素的基因,复制许多个副本,我就得要知道哪些是内含子,哪些不是
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One of the ways that it's used is to take the fertilized egg from an animal, a mouse, usually it's a mouse and inject in a vector that contains a gene that is involved in human disease of some sort.
其中一种应用就是,从动物,一般是老鼠体内取出受精卵,注入某种质粒,这种质粒带有与某些人类疾病相关的基因
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One of the forms of processing that happens, that's very important in human gene expression is that some of the sections of the DNA molecule are not really necessary for describing the protein.
在人类的基因表达中,有一种非常重要的加工形式,那就是在DNA分子中有一些片段,对于编码蛋白质而言毫无用处
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We'll start with Week 2 talking about Genetic Engineering; what's DNA, how can it be manipulated, how is our ability to manipulate DNA led to things like gene therapy which can now be done in people.
从第二周开始我们会讲基因工程,什么是DNA,怎么样才能操控它们,我们如何操作DNA,并将它应用于人类的基因疗法
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It's an example of a technology called a gene chip that allows you to, on each one of these spots there is DNA for example, that's specific for a particular gene in your genome, in the human genome for example.
这是一种叫做,基因芯片的技术,其上每个点可能代表着一种DNA,它是你基因组中一个特定的基因,亦或是人类基因组中的一个基因
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The goal of that was to take for a typical human, or for a typical - in the case of the human genome project maybe you're looking at fruit flies, you want to look at all the DNA in a fruit fly, but to look at the sequence of base pairs that makes up human DNA and write them all out; we'll talk about that later.
这个计划的目的是,建立一个有代表性人类的基因顺序,或者说是典型的人类基因组,就人类基因组计划来说,或许你在研究果蝇,你想观察果蝇内的所有DNA,而人类基因组计划是观察组成人类的,DNA的碱基对顺序并且将它们记录下来,我们不久之后会讨论这些内容
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