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z So, this is what we find the actual z effective is for an electron in the helium atom.
所以这就是我们得到了实际有效的,对于一个氦原子的电子。
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So we're going to feel a higher z effective in the case of the ion compared to the neutral atom.
因此，我们在离子中,会比在中性原子中感受到更高的有效核电量。
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Barthes, while writing this--he's writing what has perhaps in retrospect seemed to be his most important book, it's called S/Z.
巴特在创作这篇文章的时候,根据他的回忆这应该是他最重要的一本书，名叫《S\Z》
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XYZ I might as well do it as x, y, z because we are talking about something that is going in three space.
我最好设成,因为我们在讨论,三维的事物。
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Peter's new fleet, we'll talk about his new fleet, which he oversaw and, in a very minor way, helped build himself, sails down the Don River in 1698 and takes the Turkish port of Azov, A-Z-O-V, on the Sea of Azov.
我们接下来讲讲彼得的新舰队,尽管影响不大,但他亲自监督,并且参与组建了这个舰队,舰队于1698年沿顿河顺流而下,直取土耳其的亚速港,在亚速海上
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If z is greater than 1, then the real gas means that the atoms and molecules in the real gas are repelling each other and wants to have a bigger volume.
如果Z大于,说明实际气体的分子间斥力较强,体积比理想气体要大,我们可以查表找到。
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Now, unlike high school math or in algebra Z where you call things X and Y and Z, in programming, in computer science, you're actually dealing with humans where it's useful to have a variable name that's more descriptive than X and Y and Z.
不像高中数学或者代数中,称为X和Y和，在程序设计和计算机科学里，你实际上是在和人打交道,在这里有个描述性比xyz更强的,变量名称是很重要的。
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The first is this the z effective, or how much charge is actually in the nucleus that's felt, Z or the I guess we would say the z, how much the charge is on the nucleus that holds it close together.
第一个是有效核电量，或者说实际感受到的核电荷量，又或者我想我可以说就是，使它们保持在一起的,原子核的电荷量。
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If we have a higher z effective, it's pulled in tighter, we have to put in more energy in order to eject an electron, so it turns out that that's why case 2 is actually the lowest energy that we need to put in.
而如果有效核电量更高，原子核的束缚也就更紧，我们不得不输入更多的能量来打出一个电子，这就是第二种情况,所需要输入的,能量更少的原因。
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The z effective is lower, so we have to put less energy in to get an ion out.
它的有效核电量更低，所以我们只需要更少的能量就能打出一个离子。
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So again, when we check these, what we want to see is that our z effective falls in between the two extreme cases that we could envision for shielding.
所以当我们再一次检查这些时，我们想看到的是,有效电荷量处于两种极端案例中,这两种极端案例。
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Not only are we taking away an electron here, but we're also going to decrease shielding, so the electrons that are already in there are going to feel a higher z effective and will be pulling and the atom will be getting smaller.
这不只是因为我们拿走了一个电子，还因为我们这样做会减小屏蔽效应，这样留下的电子,将会感受到更大的有效核电量,也就会感受到更强的吸引力，使得原子变得更小。
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z So in our first case, our first extreme case, would be that the z effective that is felt by electron number 1, is going to be plus 1.
被1号电子感知到的有效的，是+1所以,我们所能做的是计算出，我们从这个。
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We can also think about this in terms of z effective.
我们同样可以。
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The reason it's aluminum is because aluminum has a lower z effective, so it's not being pulled in as tightly by the nucleus, and if it's not being pulled in as tightly, you're going to have to put in less energy in order to ionize it, so that's why it's actually going to have the smaller ionization energy.
原因是,铝的有效核电量更少，所以没有被原子核束缚得更紧，而如果没有被束缚得更紧，你为了电离它所需要注入的能量也就更少，这就是,它的电离能会更低的原因。
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So z equals 7 -- this is the cut-off where, in fact, the sigma orbital is going to be higher in energy than the pi 2 p orbitals.
所以z等于7-这是分界点，实际上，sigma轨道能量,要比π2p轨道高。
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And the nodal plane's going to be in the x z plane, or again, anywhere where phi is going to be equal to 0, that takes us to the x z plane.
节面是ｘｚ平面，又或者说是phi等于０的地方，这就是ｘｚ面。
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px And I arbitrarily chose to put it in the 2 p x, 2pz we also could have put it in the 2 p y or the 2 p z, it doesn't matter where you double up, they're all the same energy.
我任意地选择放入至，我们也可以把它放入2py或，它与你在哪双倍填充没有关系，它们都在相同的能级。
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In an extreme case b, we had a z effective of 2, so essentially what we had was no shielding at all.
我们有效的z是，所以本质上我们完全没有屏蔽。
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And the point that I also want to make is the way that they differ, z effective actually differs from the total charge in the nucleus due to an idea called shielding.
我也想指出的一点是它们不同的方式,有效的z事实上不同于原子核的，总电荷量,因为屏蔽效应。
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So you can see if you take phi, and you move it over 90 degrees, we're right here in the y z plane.
你们可以看到，把phi转到９０度，它就是ｙｚ面。
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So what we can say is look at each of these separately, so if we start with looking at the 2 p z orbital, the highest probability of finding an electron in the 2 p z orbital, is going to be along this z-axis.
我们可以来分别看看这些图，首先来看看2pz轨道，在2pz轨道里,找到电子的最大概率，是沿着ｚ轴。
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It is telling us that the ground state in lithium would be Z squared.
它告诉我们锂原子的基态,是z的平方。
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And we know as we go across a row in the periodic table, what's happening is that z effective or the effective pull on the nucleus is increasing.
而我们知道沿着周期表的某一行向右看，有效核电量,或者说原子核的有效引力是在逐渐增大的。
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So here we have that graphed here, Z we have atomic number z graphed against ionization energy, so, let's fill in what the actual atoms are here, and we can see in general, yes, we're following the trend.
这就是我们要画的，横坐标是原子序数，纵坐标是电离能，让我们把真正的原子填上去，我们可以看出，总体来说，没错，满足规律。
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So it looks like not too many more than half of you got this correct, so make sure you can look at your periodic table and figure out how to think about ionization energy in terms of z effective, not just in terms of memorizing what that trend is.
看起来只有一半多一点的人,做对了，所以请大家务必做到能够通过观察周期表,并在考虑电离能时,从有效核电量的观点出发，而不是仅仅依靠记住这个规律。
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Um-hmm. So, it's going to be the y z nodal plane, or in other words, we can say it's any place where phi is equal to 90 degrees.
嗯，是ｙｚ平面，换句话说，是在phi等于９０度的面。
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The electron completely canceled out 1 it's equivalent of charge from the nucleus, such that we only saw in a z effective of 1.
电子完全抵消了来自原子核的等量电荷,这样我们仅仅看到有效的z为，在极端案例b中。
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Now we're going to start in with that pi 2 p orbitals, which gives us 1 each, and then two each in those, we'll go up to our sigma 2 p z orbital.
现在我们要填π2p轨道，每个1个，然后每个2个，我们我们填sigma2pz轨道。
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