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Their central nervous system may tell the brain that there is pain even when there is no cause for the pain.
VOA: special.2011.07.26
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When we have an isolated system, the criterion that determineswhether something happens spontaneously is the entropy has to increase.
对于孤立系统,决定一个过程是否自发发生的判据为：,熵必须增加。
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When you are not familiar with the tube system and how that works,
当你不熟悉地铁系统，不知道它如何运作的时候，
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"There are so many unintended circumstances when you try and 'gerrymander' the economic system to try and meet your political objectives.
VOA: standard.2010.01.12
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The kinds of viruses that we get when we have colds are very good at infecting the respiratory system.
我们感冒时感染的各种感冒病毒,就非常精于感染呼吸系统
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And London's Transport Authority has promoted the Oyster card, a magnetic payment system that keeps track of where people have been and when.
VOA: standard.2010.04.01
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In the United States we did not have a central bank until 1913 when we created the Federal Reserve System.
在美国，我们直到1913年,创立了联邦储备银行制度。
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President Obama surprised the world last Thursday when he announced plans to cancel a missile defense system in Europe proposed by the Bush administration.
VOA: standard.2009.09.24
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But Hobbes lived at a time when the modern system of European states even as we understand them today, was just beginning to emerge.
霍布斯生活在一个时代,这个时代中，现代欧洲国家,就像我们今天理解的这样，已经快要出现了。
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(Speaking) Toyota was founded in the early 1930s but the its real success came after World War II when it developed something called "The Toyota Production System."
VOA: standard.2010.02.15
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And our psychological immune system strengthens when we give ourselves the permission to be human.
我们的心理免疫系统会加强,当我们准许自己为人时。
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"You really need system-wide Skolkovas - Silicon Valley - otherwise it ends up just like under Catherine the Great when they imported a lot of German tradesmen and planted them in various settlements - but they were fairly self-contained.
VOA: standard.2010.06.18
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Now, when the palace civilization collapses, the whole system collapses.
当贵族阶层垮台后,整个国家也跨了
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to say 'get real.' What is dangerous is to commit "This is extraordinary, to spend a whole lot of money that we might not have on a system that most certainly won't help when the world is changing, when we're facing new threats, where now more and more military experts are saying there are different alternatives."
VOA: standard.2010.04.30
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You're going to have to know when you describe the system, if your system is homogeneous, like your coffee with milk in it, or heterogeneous like water with an ice cube in it So heterogeneous means that you've got different phases in your system.
你要知道,当你描述一个系统时，你的系统是均匀的呢，像掺了牛奶的咖啡，那样还是非均匀的，像放了冰块的水,非均匀系统就是说,在你的系统中有不同的相存在。
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What happens when that recognition takes place is that your immune system gets activated, and the activation that happens usually involves two things.
当识别进行时会发生什么呢,那时免疫系统会激活,免疫系统的激活通常包含两个过程
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In an effort to get more to keep the economy from collapsing at a time when at a time of great concern about the structure of the financial system.
在一种得到更多的努力中,预防经济在一种时期中崩溃，这个时期是,人们都很担忧,金融系统的结构。
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We'll come back to this in our example in the cardiovascular system when we're talking about the heart and we'll talk about how to measure the collective group of action potentials using EKG's.
这个我们回头再谈,等到我们在心血管系统的例子中,说到心脏时再说,我们会谈到如何通过,心电图测量群体动作电位
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We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.
当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合
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These are going to be fairly common-sense definitions, but they're important, and when you get to a problem set, really nailing down what the system is, not more, nor less, in terms of the amount of stuff, that's part of the system, it's going to be often very crucial.
这些是,很常识性的定义，但是很重要，当你要解决问题时，务必要搞清楚系统是什么，它包含多少物质，不能多也不能少，这往往,是非常重要的。
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Here, I've just picked a couple of the pictures that I showed you last time when we were talking about cell communication in the immune system, What happens after the vaccine is introduced into your body is that it initiates cellular events.
我挑选了,我上次给你们展示的几幅图片,当我们讨论到,免疫系统中的细胞沟通时,讲到过当人体接种疫苗之后,能够触发,细胞活动
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We're going to talk about those in more detail in a couple of weeks when we talk about the immune system because these are the cells that perform and regulate the functions of our immune system that protect us from disease.
在后几周的有关免疫的课程上,我们会详细说明的,因为我们免疫系统的功能,要依靠这些细胞去完成和调节,它们使我们免受疾病侵害
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These are physical knobs that are available us as experimentalists. And so when we turn these knobs on our system, we want to know how the enthalpy is changing for that system.
这些都是我们做实验可,以得到的物理变量,所以当我们在系统中,改变这些量的时候。
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When you retire--you can actually get it now, electronically, your entire employment history, all your contributions-- when you retire, there will be a formula-- you can find it on the Social Security system website-- which resembles the formula that they did in 1889.
现在你退休之后可以自动得到，你这一生的工作情况，还有你全部的投保记录-,当你退休的时候-,你可在社会保障体系网站上找到一个公式-,类似于1889年使用的那个公式。
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The other thing that I want to do today is try to tie this discussion on vaccines a little bit more closely with what we talked about last week, in terms of what happens inside your body when you receive a vaccine or when you're exposed to an antigen, and how the immune system actually responds to that.
还有就是,我希望可以,把今天关于疫苗的讨论,与我们上周讲过的内容,结合得更紧密一些,当接种疫苗,或者是接触抗原时,人体将会发生怎样的变化,以及免疫系统对疫苗产生何种应答
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It turns out that when you're talking about macroscopic properties of matter, you don't need very many variables to describe the system completely thermodynamically.
实际上,当你谈及物质的宏观性质时，你并不需要很多变量才能从热力学上,完整地描述这个系统，’
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If I'm the system, what's constant when I do this?
什么量是恒定的？有人有什么想法吗？
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