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so I'm heating up the system in this path here, and then to connect the 2 endpoints here, a constant temperature path.
需要再用，一个等温过程，这两个状态。
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We need to find more creative ways to discipline our students and to maintain control in the classroom.
我们需要用更有创意的方法约束学生，维持课堂纪律。
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Because, for the purposes of this class, I'm going to reserve the word "Soul" for the immaterialist conception of the mind.
为了讲课的需要,我会将"灵魂"这个词,留到讲心灵的非物质性概念时再用
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Now, let me take a sidebar for about five minutes to talk about course administration, the administrivia things that we're going to do in the course, just so you know what the rules are.
现在，让我用大约五分钟的边角料时间,来说说本门课的基本信息,也就是我们需要在课上做的事儿，好让你们了解一下规则。
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They like to--when they're computing the investment yield, they want to be completely honest and not use any rules of thumb.
当他们计算投资收益率的时候,他们需要完全精确,而非用经验公式
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Within 20 degrees of separation from you initial smile to the three people, the entire world will be smiling.
只需要20度的分隔,从你用笑容感染三个人开始，全世界就会笑起来。
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We're only using up a little bit to eject the electron, then we'll have a lot left over.
如果我们只需要用很少一部分来发射出电子，那么我们可以得到很多的剩余能量。
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To fill this culture dish with inner ear cells you would need the equivalent of 40 experimental animals.
用内耳细胞填满这个培养皿,你得需要四十只试验动物。
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> Yeah, so when green flag clicked, and that's kind of the very explicit way of saying when you start this program by clicking in the green flag, here is what's gonna get executed first.
>，是的，“点击绿旗“,就是用这种直白的方式告诉你,你需要点击这个绿旗才能启动整个程序，这是程序生效的入口。
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And you, you need not to be so ethically imperialist that you can't work with us to open up again the canon if you will of rights in the way we talk about it and to incorporate our perspectives."
而你们呢，你们需要摒弃,那种道德帝国主义态度，也就是,你们不愿跟我们合作,不愿敞开心扉,用我们的方式去理解人权,从我们的角度去看这个问题“
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You are required only to put the one or two-letter chemical abbreviation, the symbol.
你们只需要,用一两个字母来代表一个化学元素。
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In this case it relates the volume to the pressure and the temperature.
现在假想我们需要用,理想气体定律来设计一台机器。
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You got to assign a dollar value to know whether you want to prevent those deaths by banning the use of cell phones in cars.
你必须用金钱来衡量,是否需要禁止司机使用手机,来避免此类事件发生。
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How much time do you need to evaluate somebody on the five dimensions of personality?
你需要多少时间才能,用大五人格来评价一个人？
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Now if you're not in a kitchen it's going to be hard to measure a cup, or an ounce, or things like that so you'll have to be estimating.
如果你不在厨房,很难用杯,盎司,或其他单位来度量,因此需要自己来估计
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Right, but what instruments will you need to measure it?
对,但你需要用什么仪器来测量呢
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So we need some other technique.
我们需要用别的方法
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It gives a sense of what this music is all--really all about and since, as we were saying, so much classical music doesn't have a text with it we've got to have some markers in there to know what the composer is trying to communicate to us.
让我们了解这段音乐想表达什么，就像我说的，大部分古典音乐并没有文字注解，而我们需要一些标记,来告诉我们作曲家想用这段音乐告诉我们什么。
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Also, it can be a rhetorical question or a question that does not want to be answered.
当然，这也可以用在问一种修辞的问题，或一种不需要回答的问题。
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Having already chosen to use equal as an assignment, I need something else to do comparison.
既然等号是,用来赋值的，我需要用一些东西来做比较。
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That doesn't prove that the argument fails, but it does mean that you're going to have your work cut out for you if you're going to use this route to arguing for the existence of a soul.
但这并不表明这个论证就不成立,而它确实意味着,如果你要用这种途径,来证明灵魂存在的话,你需要有人帮你解答疑团
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So we can use an equation to relate the incident energy and the kinetic energy to the ionization energy, or the energy that's required to eject an electron.
因此我们可以用一个公式将入射能量,与动能和电离能，就是发射出一个电子所需要的能量关联起来。
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The examples we've done so far have been pretty straightforward, so we haven't needed to use formal charge to make this kind of decision.
我们之前做过的例题,都是非常简单直接的，因此我们还不需要,用形式电荷来做这种决定。
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So that's why we have this zero point here, and just to point out again and again and again, it's not a radial node, it's just a point where we're starting our graph, because we're multiplying it by r equals zero.
这就是为什么在这里有个零点，我需要再三强调，这不是径向零点，他只是我们画图的起始处，因为我们用ｒ等于０乘以它。
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So writing a program at least in this language is a two-step process.
用这种语言写一个至少需要,两步完成的小程序。
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I don't need to write it down in words.
我不需要把它们用文字写下来。
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Now, we need to be careful here about what's going on.
用这个理论来解释时需要小心了。
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Now there's a lot of variation in that: men would be different from women, taller more then shorter, all that sort of thing, but nonetheless let's just use that as a reference.
当然随情况会有不同变化,男人需要的比女人多,高的比矮的多,像这类情况,但我们用这数据做个参考
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They invented the paper machine so they could mass-produce paper-- it didn't have to be handmade anymore-- and they invented wood pulp paper so it didn't have to be made out of cloth anymore.
于是人们发明了造纸机从而可以大量生产纸-,而不再需要手工制作-,后来人们还发明了木浆纸,所以后来不再用布料来制纸。
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A kilocalorie, and this is really what we--when people talk about calories, how many calories in food, it's really kilocalories that they're referring to, but that would be the energy required to raise a kilogram of water one degree centigrade.
一千卡,是人们讨论卡路时是真正用的单位,当提起食物中的热量,人们指的是多少千卡,一千卡,是将一千克水提升1℃所需要的热量
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