But there's extra, again, insult to injury, when the person's got to remember that he used to be something extraordinary, a ruler.

但当这人不得不记着，他曾经位高权重，是统治者的时候,这又一次，是在伤口上撒盐。

耶鲁公开课 - 死亡课程节选

This idea may be rooted in the Ancient Near Eastern political sphere in which sovereigns would single out vassals for the status of special property; and in fact the word used is a word we do find in Exodus.

这个观点也许根植在古代近东的政治氛围中,统治者会将纳贡者独立出来放在特有财产的地位上,并且实际上用在这里的词是我们在,出埃及记中的看到的词语。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

That's Spinoza on Machiavelli, because "he was favorable to liberty" and that the book, he says, is kind of a satire on princely rule.

那就是斯宾诺莎对马基雅维利的理解，因为,他推崇自由，而关于《君主论》，他说道，某种程度上是对君主统治的讽刺。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So, between 1650 and 1750, and this is right out of what you're reading, the rulers of continental Europe, of the biggest states extended their power.

所以从1650年到1750年这段时期,这正好与你们阅读的内容一致,欧陆上,统治者们扩张了他们的势力

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

You know when you see the bumper sticker on the car "Question Authority " this kind of rejection of ruling opinion.

就是你会看到在汽车保险杆上,“质疑权威“的贴纸“,这类的拒绝统治主张；

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So, they make their personal or dynastic rule absolute based on loyalty to them as individuals and not to the state as some sort of abstraction.

所以,君主将个人或者王朝的绝对统治,建立在［民众］对其统治家族的忠诚,而非国家这样的抽象概念上

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

So, for absolute rulers, the link to religion you can read about, but there's always the sense that he or she is doing God's will by exploiting ordinary peasants, ordinary people and conquering other territories.

所以对于绝对统治者,你会在书本上读到他们与宗教之间的联系,但是存在这样一种观点,即绝对统治者是代天授命,所以他们有理由剥削民众并且扩张领土

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选