if we can't think what system it belongs to, that's tantamount to saying we really don't know what it is.

我们就不知道它从属于哪个符号系统，我们就不能认识它了。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

That is to say, it is not a system of signs understood as stable relationships between a concept world and a world of signifying.

也就是说，它不是一个符号系统，这个符号系统被理解为,概念世界和指示世界间的稳定的关系。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

Delta v is positive in this direction here, the work is negative. So work on the system is positive. Work done by the system is negative.

功是负的，总而言之,外界对系统做功的符号为正。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

All of that somewhat complicates the picture, but at the same time, I think you can see that there is a connection between those semiotic systems.

这理解起来可能很复杂，但是你们还是能看到,这些符号系统间的一些联系。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

So, the system does work on the surroundings, hence the minus sign.

系统对环境做功，因此符号是负的。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

This, by the way, is a way of showing the fact that everything which appears in a semiotic system is conventional, right?

这也表明了,任何在符号系统中出现的符号都要符合惯例？

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Whatever the convention is within a system of differences, that's what makes the sign intelligible.

这些惯例存在于一个有差别的系统中，这就让符号变得有意义了。

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Other systems: the gestures that mimes use, semaphores, are all semiotic systems.

其他的系统，比如手势，模仿，信号，他们都是符号系统。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

I think they should actually show us a little bit more about how we can understand the organization of the things around us and within us as systems of signs.

我认为这个问题值得继续思考,我们怎样认识我们周围的事物？,我们怎样认识周围的符号系统。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选