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It's phosphate, carbon, carbon, carbon, phosphate, carbon, carbon, carbon, phosphate and it has this structure hanging off the side.
就是磷酸基与戊糖的碳反复连接,如此循环往复,这种结构构成了主链的一边
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Often it's a salt called phosphocholine and so you get a phospholipid that's made of choline and two lipid chains.
它通常是一种叫磷酸胆碱的盐,这样你就得到了一种,由胆碱和两条脂肪链构成的磷脂
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This is a signal - this passing of phosphorous - is a signal that's used very frequently in intracellular communication.
这是一种信号,一种通过磷酸来传递的信号,这种信号在细胞内通讯时经常被用到
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Proteins are only susceptible to phosphorylation if they have certain kinds of amino acid sequences.
只有含这些氨基酸的蛋白质,才能够被磷酸化
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You know that these molecules are also linked in another way, by the phosphate bonds that connect the 3 and the 5 carbons of adjacent nucleotides.
这些分子还通过别的方式连接在一起,例如通过相邻核苷酸的3碳位和,5碳位之间的磷酸键相连
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Well, imagine if that change in structure could be switched on and off by addition of a phosphorous; and in fact it can in many proteins.
那么,想象一下,只需引入磷酸基团,就能导致蛋白质的结构发生变化,事实上很多蛋白质就是如此
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The phosphate group of one nucleotide gets linked to the sugar group of another nucleotide and I'm going to show you that in a few minutes.
一个核苷酸上的磷酸基团,连接在另外一个核苷酸的糖基上,马上我会给你们演示
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I would attach the phosphate that's connected to the 5' carbon of another nucleotide.
我会添加一个磷酸基团到,另外一个核苷酸的5'碳原子上
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The phosphate is linked to this carbon on the pentose, and notice that there is a number on this carbon, it's called - it's the 5' carbon.
磷酸基连接在戊糖的一个碳原子上,注意在这个碳上有个数字,它叫做5'碳
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One of the amino acids that can be phosphorylated is tyrosine, for example.
例如,一种能够被磷酸化的氨基酸,叫做酪氨酸
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Often the state of a protein depends on whether it's phosphorylated or not.
蛋白的状态通常取决于,它们是否被磷酸化
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Now, being phosphorylated means that a phosphate group has been added to the protein, and phosphate groups can only be added to certain amino acids along a protein.
磷酸化的意思是,蛋白上连接了一个磷酸基团,这个磷酸基团只能连在,蛋白中某些特定的氨基酸上
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You don't need to say anything more about the phosphate because they all have the phosphate and every set of these is hooked together in the same way.
不需要再进一步说明磷酸基,因为两种核酸都含有磷酸基,并且以同样的方式相互连接
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It generates a kinase activity which leads to phosphorylation of the protein.
它产生了一种激酶活性,导致了受体蛋白的磷酸化
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So what's going to form the backbone is this continual link, phosphate to sugar, phosphate to sugar, phosphate to sugar, all linked together to form one long, long molecule.
主链是由这样重复的连接构成的,从磷酸到戊糖,周而复始,所有这些连接起来构成一个长链分子
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This is another example of a second messenger, the inositol lipid pathway.
这是另一个第二信使的例子,磷酸肌醇信号通路
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So, a protein that has tyrosine and it has tyrosine in a position such that it's on the outside of the protein and accessible to chemical reaction can be phosphorylated.
所以,一种蛋白质中含有酪氨酸,并且该酪氨酸位于,像蛋白质的外侧这样的位置,这样才能够发生磷酸化反应
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The 5' carbon has a phosphate off of it and that phosphate is linked to the 3' carbon of the next one and they all have a base hanging off the side.
'碳的磷酸基,连接到下一个戊糖的3'碳部位,它们都有连接在一侧的碱基
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One way that you could switch this on and off inside the cell is by taking off this phosphorous, proteins enzymes that do this opposite reaction, the opposite to kinases are called phosphokinases.
一种方法是通过去除磷酸基团,来改变细胞内蛋白的状态,催化添加磷酸基团,此逆反应的蛋白酶,能够催化逆反应的激酶叫做磷酸激酶
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Some proteins can be switched from an 'off' position where they don't do anything to an 'on' position where they now do something by only a chemical reaction like this where a phosphorous is added.
一些蛋白质可以从关闭状态的,无所作为,到成为开启状态后,执行某种功能,中间只发生了一个引入磷酸基的化学反应
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I could take and draw a line continually down the molecule where my finger was touching; my finger would be touching a phosphate here, the 5' carbon, the 4' carbon, the 3' carbon, and the next phosphate.
我可以画一条这样的线,沿着这个分子不断向下延伸到我指的地方,我指的这一点代表着磷酸基,5' 碳部位,4'碳部位,3' 碳以及下一个磷酸基
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Another family is receptor tyrosine kinases, I'll show another picture in a moment that tells you more about what a kinase is, but a kinase is basically an enzyme that can add a phosphorous to another molecule.
另一类是酪氨酸激酶受体,马上我给你们看另一张图,这张图会更详细地告诉你们激酶是什么,激酶是一种能够,向其他分子上添加磷酸基团的酶
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This represents the upright struts on a ladder that I showed you before, it represents this backbone that's shown by - that's formed by polymerizing the pentose's together through phosphate's always going 5' to 3', 5' to 3'.
线条代表梯子,上下的支柱 之前给你们演示过,代表由多聚戊糖分子,通过磷酸基从5'端向3'端方向,连接起来的主链
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If I drew this altogether and this is one particular nucleic acid, now shown in more detail, all of the carbons of the pentose are shown here, the phosphate is shown, and a base is shown.
如果我把这个放在一起,这个核酸分子,让你们看得到更多细节,戊糖的五个碳都在这儿,磷酸基在这儿,碱基在这儿
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In this case, a receptor tyrosine kinase is a receptor molecule that binds a ligand at its surface outside the cell and initiates this enzyme activity - this kinase activity - and causes phosphorylation of another molecule.
在这个例子中,酪氨酸激酶受体可以,在细胞表面区域与配体结合,从而激发出,激酶的活性,使其能够磷酸化另一类分子
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It's the phosphate and the pentose that make up the backbone - that make up the upright struts of the ladder and it's the bases that make up the connecting struts, so the bases are the colors.
磷酸基和戊糖,共同构成了主链,主链又构成了梯子上下的支柱,而碱基,则构成连接支柱的梯阶,碱基是用各种颜色表示的
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The reason that 3' is important is that when you polymerize two nucleotides together and a third nucleotide, and a fourth nucleotide, when you polymerize nucleotides together they get polymerized, the phosphate of one gets linked to the 3' carbon of another.
'碳部位重要是因为,当你把两个核苷酸聚合在一起,然后再聚合第三个,第四个的时候,核苷酸在聚合时,磷酸基与另外一个戊糖的3'碳部位连接
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It performs a chemical reaction on the protein, taking a phosphorous from ATP and moving that phosphorous onto the protein.
它能够催化蛋白参与如下反应,即将ATP上的一个磷酸基团,转移到蛋白质上
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It's loaded with phosphates which are negatively charged.
NA分子上有很多带负电荷的磷酸根
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