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OK, so now we've got, taken an electron from that sulfur, put it here, an electron from that sulfur, put it here.
现在我们得到的是，从硫那儿得到一个电子，放在这儿，一来自于硫的电子，放在这儿。
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times 7, plus we have 6 in the sulfur, and oxygen is right above sulfur, so that also has 6.
二乘上七，加上硫的六个，而氧在硫的正上方，因此也有六个。
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2 3 Well, son of a gun, one, two, three, four, five, six, sulfur, We've got six. We've used all the electrons.
真见鬼，4，5，6，硫，共六个，我们已经用掉了所有的电子。
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The IgM is really five IgG-type molecules that are linked together through disulfide bonds, such that their FC portions are all pointing in and their antibody binding portions are all pointing out.
gM是由五个IgG分子组成的,IgG分子之间通过二硫键连接,免疫球蛋白尾部的FC片段都指向内侧,而抗体的抗原结合位点都指向外侧
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So why don't you tell me what the formal charge should be on the sulfur atom of thionyl chloride?
那么请大家来告诉我亚硫酰氯中,的硫原子应该有多少形式电荷？
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actually our third, but the second one we're going to talk about in terms of formal charge, which is thionyl chloride.
实际上是第三个，但它是第二个,形式电荷的例子，也就是亚硫酰氯。
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So, if we compare the sulfur to the oxygen, the oxygen it turns out is more electronegative and that is what holds the negative charge in this molecule.
因此，如果我们来比一下硫和氧，氧应该有更高的电负性,而在这个分子中它确实有负的电荷。
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So, if we look on the periodic table, comparing, for example, s to o, if we have s it's below o, what happens to ionization energy as we go down a table?
那么，如果我们看周期表上，比较，比如，硫和氧，硫在氧下面，当我们沿着表向下看的时候,电离能是怎么变化的？
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So, we can put our sulfur in the middle, and then it doesn't really matter how we draw the rest of it, where we put our c l's versus where we put our oxygen.
那么，我们可以把硫放在中间，然后把其它的原子画在哪里就不重要了，把两个氯原子与一个氧原子放在哪里都行。
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So again, we should be able to check all of our formal charges and make sure they add up to 0, which they do, and that makes sense, because we have a neutral atom in terms of thionyl chloride.
因此同样地，我们可以检验一下,我们所有的形式电荷是否正确,确保它们加起来等于零，而它们确实是这样，这是合理的，因为亚硫酰氯是一个中性原子。
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So if we look at sulfur, what we need to do is take the valence electrons in sulfur, and there are 6.
因此如果我们来看硫原子的话，我们需要做的是,将硫的价电子，有六个。
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All right. So, let's go ahead and draw our Lewis structure here with sulfur in the middle.
好，那么，让我们来把我们的,路易斯结构画在这，硫在中间。
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We would expect the ionization energy to decrease, that means that sulfur has our lowest ionization energy.
我们预期电离能会降低，这就意味着硫的电离能最低。
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And what we have left here is the sulfur, which will also get a pair.
剩下的是硫，它也应该得到一对。
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And the last example that we're going to talk about is thionyl chloride, so it's s o c l 2. This is another good step forward, because now we actually have four different atoms in our molecule.
我们要讨论的最后一个例子,是氯化亚砜，就是硫，氧，氯，二，这又是一个进步，因为我们的分子中现在有四个不同的原子了。
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So I show that here, so in green, you have what's called a carboxcylic acid group, a c o o h, which gets converted by s o c l 2 to a c double bond o c l or an acid chloride.
我在这里用绿色表示，我们所说的羧酸族化合物，碳，氧，氧，氢，它被亚硫酰氯转化为,一个碳氧双键与碳氯单键组成的酰氯。
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So, a lot of people I hear are saying sulfur, and that's right.
我听到很多人说的是硫，这是正确的。
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And what's important to keep in mind about formal charge is if we have a neutral atom, such as we did in thionyl chloride here, the sum of the individual formal charges on individual atoms within the molecule have to equal 0.
而关于形式电荷记住一点是很重要的,那就是如果我们有一个中性原子，比如亚硫酰氯，那么这个分子中的所有原子的,形式电荷之和应该等于零。
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And what you find out if you do these calculations, is that you have a negative 1 for your formal charge on nitrogen, you have a negative 2 for your formal charge on carbon, and you have a positive 2 for your formal charge on sulfur.
而如果你做了这些计算会发现，氮的形式电荷量为负一，碳的形式电荷量为负二，而硫的形式电荷量为正二。
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But in terms of drugs that don't look like maybe this compound was used in the synthesis, many of them might have used thionyl chloride, because it generates such a nice reactive intermediate that you can go on and make a bunch of different compounds from that intermediate.
但是对于药物来说,它们可能跟合成过程中用到的这种化合物并不相像，很多药物的制造过程中都会用到亚硫酰氯，因为它能产生活性如此之高的反应中间体,以至于你可以继续利用反应中间体,来制造一堆不同类型的化合物。
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090 We have 1,090 for carbon, 1000 1,000 for sulfur, 1400 and 1,400 for nitrogen.
碳的是，硫的是，而氮的是。
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So, which atom would you expect to be in the center of a Lewis structure for thionyl chloride?
那么，大家认为那个原子应该在,亚硫酰氯的路易斯结构的中心位置呢？
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And then we end up having 6 shared electrons, 2 from each of the bonds, so we end up with a formal charge on sulfur of plus 1.
然后我们有六个共用电子，每个键两个，因此最终硫的形式电荷量为正一。
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So, for example, Wellbutrin, it is very unlikely that it would have thionyl chloride in order to make it, and if thionyl chloride was used at some point in the synthesis, it was not to put that chlorine atom on, it was to put something else on.
比如，安非他酮，用亚硫酰氯来制造它,是不太可能的，而就算在合成过程中的某一阶段用到了亚硫酰氯，它也不会把氯原子加进去，而是把其它东西加进去。
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