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And so, Rutherford had a fellow working in his lab by the name of Geiger. And, Geiger invented a detector.
卢瑟福的一个实验同事,叫做盖革，他发明了一种探测器。
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So the distance of the gap needs to be between the outer limits of boredom and overstrain according to Iser.
因此，据伊瑟尔说，间隙的大小应该,以无聊与过劳作为外缘界限，处于两者之中。
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We ended the day with Bohr's model of the atom, which derived from the conceptualization of Rutherford.
那天课的结尾我们讲了从卢瑟福的概念中，衍生出来的波尔的原子模型。
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The Yale University Press is publishing a new book by Steve Fraser about Wall Street.
耶鲁大学出版社出版了一本新书,《华尔街文化史》,作者是史蒂夫·弗雷瑟
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This is my friend, long-time colleague, music librarian extraordinaire and professional French horn player, Eva Heater, who will demonstrate here-- Come on over here right in the center.
这位是我的朋友,长期共事的同事,音乐图书管理员,了不起的专业法国圆号手,伊娃·夕瑟,她将在此演奏,过来,站到中间来
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And there's considerable controversy " as to whether the Tony Soprano method of insight, where you get this insight and there's discovery, "Oh, now I know," makes any real difference in alleviating symptoms such as anxiety disorders or depression.
对于能够使托尼·瑟普拉诺了解自我,并有所发现的感慨“现在我明白了，的这种自省方法,是否真的能够减轻“,诸如焦虑障碍或抑郁这样的病症症状,还存在着极大的争议。
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We can say that Iser's position is a reconstruction of what Gadamer has, essentially, to say about the merger of horizons.
我们可以说，伊瑟尔的观点,本质上是葛达玛观点的改写，比如说视域的融合。
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So these are forms of the experience of reading fiction of which Iser disapproves because there's no work being done.
这就是那些阅读小说经历的形式,伊瑟尔不赞同这种形式，因为这种阅读没有任何成就。
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It's the vocabulary, it's the complexity of the thought, and so on that makes it difficult. Iser acknowledges this.
是词汇，思想的复杂性等等,使它变得难懂，伊瑟尔承认这一点。
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He understood the interaction of particles of matter, and that's important to set the stage for the Rutherford experiment in Manchester about 10 years later.
他理解物质粒子之间的相互作用，这点很重要,对于10年后他在曼彻斯特搭设,用于卢瑟福实验的平台来说。
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By the same token, what Iser is saying is that the space of meaning is "virtual" -this is the word he uses.
同样地，伊瑟尔说,含义所在的空间是“虚拟的“,他用的就是这个词。
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I think that the distinction Iser is making between reading and interpretation can be understood in much the same way.
我想伊瑟尔想指出的,阅读与诠释之间的差异也基本上也可以这样理解。
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People enjoy that in ways that Iser may not be fully acknowledging in this argument, but there's no question that it doesn't involve the violation of expectations.
人们很开心地看到，从某种程度上伊瑟尔可能,没有在他的论点中完全承认，但是毫无疑问,论点中并没有期望的违背。
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As you'll see when we return to Iser after I've said a few things about Hirsch, this, as you'll see, is the fundamental difference between Gadamer and Iser.
正如你们所看到的,当我谈论了赫施的问题之后,又回到了伊瑟尔，这就是葛达玛和伊瑟尔的明显不同。
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And Rutherford, who I have already described to you as being a little bit colorful in his language, backed up Bohr on this.
而卢瑟福，就是以前我跟你们提过的那个,语言丰富生动的人，在这一点上证实了波尔的理论。
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It has to be a bigger distance, a broader abyss, and that's what Iser is working with in the passages I'm about to quote.
它必须是一个更大的距离，更宽的深渊，这就是伊瑟尔在我想引用的那些话里面所试图说明的。
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In other words, whereas the New Critics and Wolfgang Iser are interested in the roughening of form, they're interested in it for hermeneutic purposes.
新批评派成员和伊瑟尔,也对形式的粗糙化感兴趣，他们对它解释学的方面感兴趣。
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It's put in a different way by Iser, but it is in a large degree the same idea.
伊瑟尔用了不同的方法来讲述，但很大程度上说的也是同一概念。
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Now in order to illustrate the way in which what Iser calls virtual work gets done in this regard, let me just run through a few passages quickly.
现在，为了阐释,在这点上，伊瑟尔所说的虚功是怎样做的，下面我们来快速地浏览几段话。
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In other words, Iser is no more an historicist than Gadamer is but insists rather on the mutual exchange of prejudice between the two horizons in question.
换句话说就是，伊瑟尔并不比葛达玛更历史主义,但他相反却坚持在两个有争执的视域中,偏见的互换。
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Reading consists, according to Iser, in the violation of expectations.
根据伊瑟尔的观点，阅读在于期望的违背。
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That's the difference for Iser between nonfiction and fiction.
这就是伊瑟尔所说的文学与非文学之间的差别。
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He'd come back, and Rutherford accepted him in his lab.
他就来了，卢瑟福接收他到他的实验室来。
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J. J. Thompson, model. Rutherford, experimental data.
汤姆逊，模型，卢瑟福，数据。
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And, here's the Rutherford experiment.
这就是著名的卢瑟福实验。
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So reception history has been a kind of partly theoretical, partly scholarly field, one that's really still flourishing and has been ever since the early work in the great Konstanz seminars of Iser, Jauss and others.
因此感受历史成了一个,半理论半学术的领域，在康斯坦的讨论会上,在伊瑟尔，姚斯和其他人的早期影响下,接受史一直处于繁盛期。
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One of the proponents is Ernest Rutherford.
一个支持者是恩内斯特，卢瑟福。
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Eva Heater, come on up.
伊娃·夕瑟,请上来
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And, Rutherford was invited to occupy the chair and be the director of the Cavendish Laboratory.
卢瑟福被邀请去担任,卡文迪许实验室的主任。
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And, in fact there's a technique of analysis used today that's called Rutherford back scattering where people actually saw that this is a means of identifying the substance, the sample.
事实上这是现在用的一种分析技术,称作卢瑟福背散射,就是人们实际上看到的那样,这是鉴别物质样品的一种方法。
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