No, we call that work positive work. All right, so that means we need to put a negative sign right here, by convention.
历史上有过不同的习惯,这里我们规定,如果环境对系统做功。
You said you have a friend who's an artist. Have you ever bought one of their paintings?
你说过你有个朋友是艺术家。你买过他们的画吗?
So I have that experience in great mountain vistas and I had that experience walking by myself in the institute woods in Princeton.
登上高山远眺,我体会到了这种感觉,当我独自在普林斯顿,我们学院的小树林散步时,也有过这种体验。
So let's just to see how you run through some of those calculations. Now let me just ask who here took 5.111? And who here took 5.112?
那么让我们看看怎样,推导这些反应,现在让我问一下,这里有谁学过5。111?谁学过5。112?
I talk about this in the book you have, Irrational Exuberance, and I'll let you read that and not summarize it here.
非理性繁荣》这本书有提到过,以后你们会读到,在此不加赘述
Yes. Okay. Sometimes I do get students who have just an image of this novel in their mind, or they read it when they were in high school and have a sort of irrational, passionate love for it.
好的,有时候我的确会有一些学生,他们脑子里有一个这部小说的形象,或者在高中里读过,对之有一股毫无理由的热爱。
Some of you have actually had the privilege of having these errors already, for different reasons.
你们中有人有出现过,这些错误,因为不同的原因。
In the American Civil War,there was a draft, but you could avoid it by hiring somebody to take your place, if you were rich enough.
在美国内战期间,曾有过强制征兵,但是你可以让人代替你,如果你足够有钱的话。
Who is the third year in biology, chemistry, have film experience and French film classsics.
你是三年级的,修生物和化学,有上过电影课和法国经典电影。
The people in life sciences feel, "Hey, we are represented in this subject."
有过体验的人就会感觉到,"嗨,我们出现在这道题目里了"
And we're ordering them into war, without looking at all the other ways we could achieve our objectives, and without recgnising the precious values of those lifes.
我们命令他们奔赴战场,却都没有考虑过些许有其它办法,能达到目的,我们意识不到,他们生命价值的可贵。
Has anybody here ever dreamt of being chased that you could remember?
有谁梦见过被人或别的东西追的?,大家记得吗?
Odysseus also was offered an opportunity to live forever.
奥德修斯也曾经有过一个能长生不老的机会
I had this in my collection.Anybody ever heard of this?
我刚好有他的歌,有谁听说过这个歌手吗?
A couple of people. Okay.
你们有谁吃过吗?
So I said there are three reasons.
我说过有三个原因。
For sure, they're all hard. Yes, studying, I have to do a lot of studying here.
肯定有过,所有的考试都很难。确实,我需要非常认真的学习。
I did have one adult student. She has 4 children, so she's very busy.
我有过一个成人学生。她有四个孩子,所以她很忙。
We talked about mitosis last time; it's described more completely in the chapter, where two cells are formed from one.
我们上节课说到过有丝分裂,在那一章里更详细的阐释了,细胞是怎么由一生二的
On the other hand, when I was at Swarthmore, we had a football team. They don't longer have one.
另一方面,我在斯沃斯莫尔时,我们有过一个橄榄球队,现在他们没了。
Have you been involved in those kind of reflections about the role of religion?
你是否有过,这种对于宗教作用的反思?
You've had bull sessions, right, with your high school friends or in your college dorm or what have you.
你们有过自由讨论,是,和高中朋友们,或在大学宿舍,等等。
The second great reform era is the Progressive Era, a great response to urbanization, industrialization and immigration, as it had never quite happened before.
第二个时期是进步时期,对于城市化的大力响应,工业化和移民入境,这是之前从未有过的
They claimed that they were of the same race as the gods, and I really don't know of anybody else who made that claim.
他们认为自己和神明是同一个种族,我确实不知道还有另外的人有过这样的说法
He writes, "Convergence involved the coalescence of various deities, and or some of their features into the figure of Yahweh" There's a period of convergence and blending of the deities.
他写到“集合包括多个神灵的合并,他们的一些特别最终集合于耶和华“,有过一段众神集合混杂的时期。
The sense of powerlessness, the most profound sense of powerlessness, suggested already by the first episode where his mother almost takes back the life she gave him, is rooted in the family.
无能为力之感,极度的无能为力之感,在他母亲几乎,毁了他时就有过,这在他的家庭中深深地扎根。
Maybe this isn't exactly insider trading, this is more fraud but in--what year was this?
也许这不算是真正意义上的内幕交易,不过欺诈手段比内幕交易有过之无不及
Was there a moment, did you have an experiment, oh experience?
是不是有过一个时刻,有过一个实验,哦不实际经历?
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