These are drives that the poem seems to be struggling to keep in check, or that Milton is representing the poem as struggling to keep in check, or to purge in some way.

这就是促使诗歌努力去抑制竞争，或者弥尔顿代表诗歌去抑制竞争，或以某些方式去净化。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

Life for Hobbes is competition or struggle not just over scarce resources, although that might be part of the struggle, but for honors, for anything else that a person might value or esteem.

对霍布斯来说，生活是一次竞争或斗争,不是争夺稀缺的资源,虽然这也可能是斗争的一部分，而是为荣誉，为一个人的,价值和自尊而战。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

So, a part of you wants to become the greatest whatever it is that you want to become and you wouldn't be here if you weren't very competitive and very eager to come out first, devoted to arete and your own version of that kind of thing.

所以 你的一部分意识想变成最伟大的人,不论你想要在哪个领域变得伟大,而且如果你没有竞争力,或不是一直争取第一,那你也不会坐在这里,力图更上一层楼,以穷千里目

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

It can signify battle, but Hobbes says it can also signify the will to contend, simply the desire or the will to engage in conflict, " renders something like a state of nature.

这可以表示为斗争，但霍布斯说这同样可以表示竞争的意志，仅仅就是参与冲突的欲望或愿望，这些构成了“自然状态。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Rather they presuppose relations that is to say political relations not between lovers or even best friends of some kind but between civic partners who may in fact be intensely rivalrous and competitive with one another for positions of political office and honor.

相反地，他们假设的关系,确切地说是政治关系,并非介于爱人或甚至是最好朋友间的关系,而是介于公民伙伴间,他们可能处于,彼此紧张敌对或竞争的关系,以求争得政治官位或荣誉。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

Philia Civic friendship civic philia is in other words not without a strong element of what might be thought of as sibling rivalry in which each citizen strives to outdo the others for the sake of the civic good.

公民友情，或说公民,并非不具一般所认为的,手足竞争等强烈元素,即每位公民都努力,要胜过其它人，以谋求城市的利益。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选