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This is what distinguishes Aristotle from Machiavelli and all those later thinkers who take their bearings from Machiavelli.
这就是亚里士多德,与马奇亚维利的差别，还有那些稍后,以马奇亚维利为其主轴核心的思想家。
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to be familiar with the major works and thinkers and literature, music, and art of, uh, Western history.
了解西方历史上主要著作、思想家、文学、音乐和艺术。
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To be sure, Machiavelli focuses on key aspects of political reality which are often ignored by thinkers like Plato and Aristotle.
事实上马奇亚维利所专注的,政治现实观点,是其它思想家所常遗漏,像柏拉图和亚里士多德。
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Philosophers who help this position: people like Thomas Jefferson, George Bernard Shaw, Ronald Dworkin and other leading thinkers.
致力于此的哲学家：,有托马斯杰斐逊，萧伯纳，德沃金及其他杰出思想家。
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He was a very important thinker who had very low regard for the financial community, I think, unfortunately.
他是个对金融界嗤之以鼻的,重要思想家，不幸的是。
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Taught by a star who was a leader thinker in this area.
教授是该领域的,明星级领头思想家。
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During the Enlightenment, the works of the philosophers that could not be published in France werepublished in Switzerland, more about that another time, and in the Netherlands.
启蒙运动时期,思想家们的作品,即使不能在法国出版,但也都在瑞士出版了,之后不久,又在荷兰相继问世
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How would you have had the great Roman philosophers and thinkers?
伟大的罗马哲学家和思想家又是怎么来的
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Another Florentine, Machiavelli, moved further in the same direction.
另一位来自佛罗伦萨的思想家马基雅弗利,更加深入的研究了这个问题
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Among the great thinkers there is profound disagreement over the answers to even the most fundamental questions concerning justice concerning rights concerning liberty.
伟大的思想家之间,对答案却总有着深刻的意见相左,甚至是对于最基本的问题,像是有关正义，权利和自由。
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Naturally, all thinkers, to some degree, have read Aristotle through their own lenses.
当然，所有的思想家在某种程度上，都是透过他们自己的角度来读亚里士多德。
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Which questions and which thinkers ? should one pick up for oneself?
哪些问题和哪些思想家,是必需认识的呢？
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They didn't say God because, of course, the Enlightenment thinkers were not so sure they believed in God, but they still seemed to believe in something they wanted to call a creator.
他们没有说是上帝,因为,当然,启蒙思想家们并不确定他们,是信仰上帝的,但是他们似乎仍旧,信仰所谓的造物主
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Furthermore it would seem that the study of the great books or great thinkers of the past can easily degenerate into a kind of antiquarianism into a sort of pedantry.
更甚之,研究这些巨著或,过往的伟大思想家,更可能轻易地降格为古物癖,或是卖弄学问。
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So the great political thinkers were typically engaged in the politics of their times and help in that way to provide us okay with models for how we might think about ours.
所以伟大的思想家,总会涉及他们当代的政治,并以此帮忙想出一些模式,让我们可以自省。
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For thinkers like Tocqueville for example regimes are embedded in the deep structures of human history that have determined over long centuries the shape of our political institutions and the way we think about them.
举例来说，对于像托克维尔之类的思想家而言,政体内嵌于人类历史的结构深处,许多世纪以来决定了,我们政治机构的形态,及我们对它们的看法。
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This is a problem that we will see considerably later in the term that vexes a very important political thinker by the name of Hobbes about whether an individual can somehow put their own sense of conscience or moral integrity even above the law.
这是个我们,稍后会仔细探讨的问题,也是让这位重要政治思想家,贺伯斯大力争论的问题,他质疑个人,是否可以将其自身的道义感,或道德正直置于法律之上。
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Consider one thinker, and I will, I'm going to read you a short passage and I'm going to come back to this again later in the semester, from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, chapter 31 of Leviathan, where Hobbes gives us a very personal statement about his intention in writing this book.
细想以下这一位思想家，我将朗读一小段文章,然后在学期后段,再回到这个主题来，这是取自贺伯斯的《利维坦》,第，31，章，贺伯斯提供了十分贴切的陈述,关于他撰写本书的动机。
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Far more unrealistic would be the belief of those who argue, and I'm thinking here of names like Immanuel Kant and others from the eighteenth and nineteenth century, that one day we can abolish war altogether, and therefore abolish the passions that give rise to conflict and war.
不切实际,将是那些争辩者的信念，就像康德或其它,十八及十九世纪的思想家，幻想有一天我们可以全面终止战争，进而废除,引起冲突与战争的激情。
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But the great thinkers were very far from being just so to speak detached intellectuals.
但是伟大思想家根本不是,所谓的隐世知识分子。
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And to the monarchists, he was a dangerous skeptic and free thinker.
而对于君主论者，他又是个危险地怀疑分子和自由思想家。
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Is not any so-called list of great thinkers ? or great texts likely to be simply arbitrary and tell us more about what such a ! list excludes than what it includes?
这种所谓的伟大思想家,或巨著清单不会太过于武断吗,它告诉我们的应是,遗漏多于涵蕴吧？
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Why study just these thinkers and not others?
为何只研读这些思想家，而不是其它人？
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There are certainly echoes of this reading of Aristotle as a teacher of participatory republican government in the later writings of democratic thinkers from Tocqueville to Hannah Arendt.
有不少声音响应,这种对亚里士多德的解读,将他视为是参与式共和政府的恩师,例如日后民主思想家,托克维尔及，Hannah，Arendt的著作。
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