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There are hereditary principalities, like those currently run by Lorenzo, which acquire their authority through tradition and hereditary bloodlines.
第一种是世袭君权，像是由罗伦佐所掌管的候国，其威信的获得,来自传统与世袭血源。
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Today I have the impossible task of finishing the parts of the Republic that I have assigned for the class.
今天我有个不可能的任务,完成《理想国》剩余的部份,依照我指定给同学的进度。
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And I think it made a marginal but real contribution to the possibility of normalization of relations there.
我觉得我们的贡献不大，但实实在在,帮助实现了两国的重新建交。
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If you're an oil rich country today, as long as that oil lasts, you got the world kind of at your knees.
如果你今天是富油国,并且能保持稳定的产油量,那整个世界都会匍匐在你的跟前
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They share those things in common, which is not to say that a country like France wasn't urbanized.
这是他们两国的共同点,但也不是说,像法国这样的国家没有城市化
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This angelic laser begins slowly the gradual process in some kind of extraordinary science-fiction sort of way of transforming the virginal human body to the essence of the soul itself.
这天国的激光开始了这渐渐的过程,用一种很特别的科幻小说的方式,把人纯净的身体变成灵魂的精髓。
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When Plato writes his Republic and devotes Book Ten, as I'm sure most of you know, to an argument in effect banishing the poets from the ideal republic, part of the argument is that poets are terrible imitators.
当柏拉图写《理想国》和《第十卷》的时候，你们肯定都听过这两部著作，他提出了一个一个论点，要把诗人从理想国中驱逐出境，他提到，诗人都是拙劣的仿造者。
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Blanc said the ideal society is based on the principle of, and now I quote, "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."
勃朗说理想国,应建立在这样的原则上，以下由我引用，各尽所能，按需分配“
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There was The Seven Country Study, which was like The Framingham Study, where heart disease risk factors were mentioned, but he also did a very famous study on people starving.
这里提到的七国研究,性质和弗明汉研究差不多,主要研究的是影响心脏病的危险因素,他还做了一项著名的关于人们挨饿的研究
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He represents what will later be called in the Republic the appetitive part of the soul, the appetites.
他代表的是稍后在《理想国》中,所谓灵魂欲望的部份，众多的欲望。
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The first and most obvious thing to say about the Republic is that it is a long book.
首先也是《理想国》,最明显的特征,就是其厚度。
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Muscovy had been one of the tributaries of the Mongols, who sacked Kiev in the 1230s, after pouring into Russia and what now is Ukraine.
俄国曾是蒙古的进贡国之一,1230年代,蒙古人洗劫了基辅,蒙古铁骑涌入俄国以及现在的乌克兰
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At least Russia and China do you know anything about their history?
至少应该有俄罗斯和中国,你们了解这两国的历史吗
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They have any stock market disruptions in the last one hundred years?
两国是否存有过去100年的股票市场数据
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Yesterday, on M.L. King Day, I had the privilege of being on at least four radio programs about this new book I have out called A Slave No More, some of them quite terrific.
昨天是马丁·路德·金的纪念日,我有幸被超过四家电台的问答节目邀请去,介绍我最新出版的一本书《无奴之国》,有些问题很有深度
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It would seem that far from utopia, the Republic represents a radical dystopia, a satire, in some sense, of the best polity.
这让《理想国》看起来远不像是乌托邦，反像是极端的反乌托邦，从某些层面看来像是在讽刺所谓最佳政体。
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The Republic asks us to consider seriously, ? what would a city look like ruled by philosophers?
理想国》要我们严肃地考虑，一座由哲学家统治的城邦面貌为何？
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he tells us the purpose of the best regime the purpose of Aristotle's Republic is directed not to war but in fact to peace.
他告诉我们最佳政体的目的,亚里士多德眼中《理想国》的著作目的,并非战争,而是和平。
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But Plato's Republic recognizes no such separation or no such independence for a private sphere.
但柏拉图的《理想国》并未体认到这种区隔,或是这种私人领域的自主性。
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Even the development of this theory of absolute rule is in response to the rise of these territorial states like Spain, and France, and Russia later.
绝对主义理论的发展,是与领土国的兴起相呼应,像西班牙,法国,以及后来的俄国
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But the action of the Republic takes place long before the defeat of Athens, before the rise of the Thirty and the execution of Athens .
但《理想国》撰写的时间,远早于雅典战败，及三十暴君掌权之前,也早于雅典被处决之前。
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But yet Muscovy was considerably less important than the commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania, which was considerably much greater and subject to struggles with and influence by that state.
但俄国的影响力仍远不及,波兰-立陶宛联邦,后者远远比俄国强大,但却受制于两国的争端所照成的影响
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And this idea that the city is essentially analogous to the soul, that the city is like the soul, is the central metaphor around which the entire Republic is constructed.
而这种,将城市视为实质上可与灵魂比拟的概念，城市也有灵魂的概念，即是环绕整部《理想国》,构建的核心隐喻。
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The remainder of the Republic is, again, devoted to crafting the regime that will produce a distinctive kind of human character, and that of course is why the book is a utopia.
理想国》的往后章节，是全面致力于刻划能催化,独特人类性格的政体，那也当然就是为何此书是本乌托邦。
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We overlook, we conveniently overlook a number of facts about him, his hostility to democracy, we'll see that in the Republic but we've seen it already to some degree in the Apology.
我们忽略了,很轻易就忽略掉许多关于他的事实，他对民主的敌视，将在《理想国》中详读,但我们已能在《苏格拉底自辩篇》中,看出端倪。
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So a good bit of what we know about diet and health now comes from studies like The Nurses' Health Study, and in the past, from studies like The Framingham Study and The Seven Country Study.
我们现在知道的关于饮食与健康的知识,相当大一部分来自于像,护士健康研究这样的调查,而在过去则是来自像弗明汉研究和,七国研究这样的项目
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The Republic asks us, what would a city be like if it were ruled by Socrates or someone like him?
理想国》要我们考虑，城邦的面貌,如果它是由苏格拉底或像他的人所统治？
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And, again, that seems to point back to Thrasymachus' point of view in the first book of the Republic.
这又把我们带回到,第一本书《理想国》中,特拉西马库斯的观点上。
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Plato's Republic is, we will discover as you read, it is a republic of a very special kind.
柏拉图的《理想国》各位在我们继续阅读中，自会发现是一种很特别的理想国。
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And this is where the two most important figures of the Republic begin to make their voices heard.
而这正是《理想国》书中,最重要的两名人物,开始发声的起点。
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