some modern drugs, chemotherapy drugs, as well as certain antibiotics, are hazardous to our hearing.

现今的某些药物，化疗制剂以及抗生素，也危害着我们的听力，以上所说的实际是。

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But what was really needed in order to do this was a defined preparation, right?

为了给每个人带来相同的免疫效果,我们需要精准的疫苗制剂

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

What you would like to is everybody in the community exactly the same preparation so that you could predict what everybody's response to the vaccine would be.

最好是把完全一致的制剂,分发给每个人,这样才能预测每个人,对疫苗的反应

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You'd want to make sure that you separated the virus from all the other parts of cow skin so that your ultimate preparation was enriched in the virus and didn't contain quantities of other things that would be hazardous.

你要保证,你从所有的牛皮组织上分离出病毒,这样最终的制剂产品才会富集病毒,并且不会携带其它物质,这些物质可能带来危险

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And they also developed a very reliable way for introducing the virus, so that when they had a defined preparation of virus, then you want to make sure that everybody gets it in their skin in the right way.

他们还发明了一种可靠的方法来引入病毒,当人们有了确定的病毒制剂之后,就要要保证这些制剂都以正确的方式,注射至皮下

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And then they found that they could freeze-dry this preparation of virus, and freeze-drying to lower the temperature, freeze it, then extract out all the water, so you're left with a powder, basically a powdered form of the virus, that could be shipped all over the world, and then reconstituted by adding water to it.

研究者们发现可以冷冻干燥这些病毒制剂,冷冻干燥就是就是降低温度,冷冻病毒,然后提取出所有水份,然后就剩下一些粉末,这主要是粉末状的病毒,这样就能将它运往全世界,并可以通过加水来恢复病毒的活性

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选