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So, not just a spectrum of viruses, but there's viruses and bacteria and parasites and other microorganisms that can cause disease.
所以,不是只有病毒,还有病毒,细菌,寄生虫,和其它各种微生物都能导致疾病
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Hepatitis is a virus that specifically affects the liver, so viruses are often specific to certain kinds of cells.
肝炎病毒就可以特异性的感染肝细胞,因病毒通常都有细胞特异性
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But I was working on research involving detection of worms, viruses and the spread thereof.
但我从事的研究涉及到蠕虫的检测，病毒及其传播。
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So look, why am I justified in believing in germs, various kinds of viruses that I can't see, or bacteria or what have you, that I can't see?
所以,我为什么相信微生物,相信各种肉眼无法看到的病毒,细菌等诸如此类我看不到的东西确实存在
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This shows the greatly magnified compared to the size of a cell because viruses are much, much smaller than cells.
这是一幅放大了许多倍的,细胞图片,因为病毒比细胞小得多的多
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The kinds of viruses that we get when we have colds are very good at infecting the respiratory system.
我们感冒时感染的各种感冒病毒,就非常精于感染呼吸系统
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If you can genetically engineer viruses like this and viruses have all those good properties as gene therapy vehicles that I described.
如果你能像我说的这样在遗传上改造病毒,加之病毒具备诸多优点,适合作为基因治疗的载体
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We talked about attenuating in the laboratory, using cell culture techniques and what we know about mutating viruses.
我们讲过实验室中,利用细胞培养技术培养减毒疫苗,以及我们所了解的减毒病毒
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People have tried to produce viruses that are different, adenoviruses for example, that your immune system can't recognize.
人们尝试制造一些不同的病毒,就拿腺病毒来说,让免疫系统无法识别
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Because of this people have sought other kinds of viruses to use as vectors and one that's commonly used is an adenovirus.
正因为如此,人们找到了其它病毒来,作为载体,常见的有,腺病毒
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But because of the similarity of the viruses, the immune response that people developed would also protect them against natural infections with variola.
因为这两种病毒很相像,人体的免疫应答也能保护自己,免受天花的感染
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The whole category of diarrheal diseases, caused by viruses called enteroviruses, where they, it infects your gut.
所有种类的腹泻,都是由肠道病毒引起的,它们感染了肠道
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Usually viruses have certain kinds of cells they want to infect or that they're capable of infecting.
通常病毒倾向于或者有能力,感染某些种类的细胞
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Now, the other nice thing about viruses is not only are they very efficient but most viruses are specific for certain kinds of cells.
病毒的另一个绝妙之处在于,它们不仅高效,对特定细胞的特异性也很好
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Children get diseases from a class of viruses called rotaviruses, for which we have no vaccine, and- and so no way to protect them.
儿童因轮状病毒而生病,而我们没有针对这种病毒的疫苗,所以,所以我们没有办法保护儿童
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The study of immunology is the study of mechanisms that your body uses to protect itself from mainly from foreign pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
免疫学研究身体,采用何种机制来保护自身,免受外源病原体如病毒和细菌的伤害
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