He says, "I dispute the pretensions of any theory which sets up an imaginary standard of justice not grounded on utility."

他说，我反对任何理论,不以功利为基础，虚构公正标准“

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And if that's the reason, where do those rights come from if not from some idea of the larger welfare or utility or happiness?

如果是那个原因，那这些权利又是从何而来的呢,既然不是为了更大的福利，或曰功利，幸福？

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What finance theory is based on-- and much of economics is based on-- the idea that people want to maximize the expected utility of their wealth.

金融学理论建立在,并且很多经济学的都是建立在,人们希望能使自己对,财富的期望效用最大化这一基础上

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

He doesn't make the claim about the general utility of freedom or unlimited speech.

他并未主张自由的,一般实用或是无限言论；

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If you will buy stock in an electrical utility which has a guaranteed revenue stream, because no matter how bad the economy gets, a lot of people still use electricity, you don't expect it to fluctuate a lot.

如果你在有着,保障性年收入的电气供应股票投资，因为不管经济变得怎么查，人们还得用电，它不会降多少。

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And in this way you can increase the utility and ease of training.

应用代币法，你可以提高效率,降低训练难度。

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What we have now is a pretty good utility.

我们现有的优势是功能实用。

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So just to reinforce this, I could run gcc math2.c but I'm getting a little tired of this a.out convention and recall that there's this utility called "make" that right now doesn't really improve much, other than give it a better name.

所以我强调这点，我可以运行“gcc，math2，c“,但是我不是很喜欢a，out这个默认的名字,想取消它，那么这里有个叫做“make“的命令“,这个命令现在没有很大的改进，只是把用来更改名字用的。

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So there may be certain rights that the minority members have that the individual has that shouldn't be traded off for the sake of utility?

所以可能少数人,或个体的某些权利,不该为了功利最大化而被牺牲？

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Bentham says we have to consider the welfare, the utility, the happiness of everybody.

边沁说我们必须得考虑,大众的福祉，功利，大家的幸福。

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And what it involves is placing a value, usually a dollar value, to stand for utility on the costs and the benefits of various proposals.

其做法包括，作出估价，通常是估计出金额，来代表功利,即分别列出成本，和各项收益的金额。

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With a lot of morally intuitive appeal, Bentham's idea is the following, the right thing to do; the just thing to do is to maximize utility.

充满了道德上的直观感染力，其观点如下，正确的选择，公正的选择,就是最大化功利。

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But still, he considers justice grounded on utility to be what he calls "the chief part and incomparably, the most sacred and binding part of all morality."

但是他依然把基于功利的公正称为,所有道德的主体,最无与伦比，最神圣，最有约束力的部分“

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To calculate the expected utility of your wealth, you might also have to look at the expected return, or the geometric expected return, or the standard deviation.

要计算你财富的期望效用,你也许还要研究预期收益曲线,或几何预期收益率,或是标准差

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He meant by utility the balance of pleasure over pain, happiness over suffering.

他认为功利等于快乐减去痛苦，幸福减去苦难。

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But it's not a complete theory until we specify the utility function.

但我们还未详细分析效应函数,这还不是完整的理论

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