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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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Well, I talked about the problem of using plasmids in gene therapy, that it's very difficult to get them into cells.
我们之前讨论过,基因治疗中运用质粒的问题,质粒本身极难进入细胞
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From this perspective, an animal is just the person's is just the gene's way of creating another animal.
从这个角度看，动物只是人类的,只是基因创造另一种动物的方式。
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And he's talking with Mississippi Gene. This is at the bottom of 26: There is something so indubitably reminiscent of Big Slim Hazard in Mississippi Gene's demeanor that I said, "Do you happen to have met a fellow called Big Slim Hazard somewhere?"
他在和密西西比的吉恩讲话，在26页下面：,现在，密西西比的吉恩的行为举止有些地方真切地,让我想起关于细杆的哈查德的往事，我问：“你是否在那里碰巧遇到过一个叫细杆哈查德的人“
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Here, the problem is solved by injecting it directly into the cell, shown here, and then that's one issue with gene delivery.
现在,这个问题已经通过,将其直接注入细胞的方法解决了,图上这里,这只解决了基因输送的一个问题
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It's a gene that's on the plasmid, and this particular gene confers a specific biological property to cells that have the plasmid and can use it properly.
它是质粒自带的基因,如果细胞能够获得这种质粒,并正确的利用它的话,这段基因就能赋予该细胞某种生物学特性
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It's on the gene for hemoglobin and the hemoglobin that you produce if you have sickle cell anemia is not quite right because there's one base difference.
这个缺陷基因和血红蛋白有关,如果你有镰状红细胞贫血症,那你所产生的血红蛋白就不太正常,因为这里有一个碱基不同
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But if you're trying to use that virus as a gene delivery vector and your body gets rid of it then the therapy has failed, it's ended.
但如果你想把腺病毒作为基因治疗载体,而你的身体清除这种病毒,治疗就失败了,前功尽弃了
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So it's going to express this gene, but you've put a foreign gene in the place of the natural gene, and so the foreign gene gets expressed instead.
所以它就会表达这段基因,但是你已经用一段,异源基因替代了原有基因,因此这段外来基因就被表达了
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An animal's merely the gene's way of making another gene.
动物只是一个基因,复制另一个基因的方式。
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So it's not just knowing what genes or figuring out ways to look at gene expression, it's figuring out how this expression of key genes affects the fate of the individual.
所以我们不仅仅是要了解那些基因能致病,也不仅是要弄明白基因的表达方式,更要搞清楚这种关键基因的表达,如何影响个人命运
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It's a single gene defect and we know exactly where the genetic defect is in sickle cell.
是一种单基因缺陷,而且我们准确地知道,镰状红细胞贫血的基因缺陷在哪里
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Say we've got a human gene that we want to make and let's say it's the human gene for insulin that we want to produce now.
假设我们想合成出一个人类的基因,假设现在我们想合成的,是人类的胰岛素基因
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A gene, let's say it's the gene for insulin.
这段基因,就假设是,编码胰岛素的基因吧
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It's only going to bind to fragments that contain that piece of the gene, and it will make those visible to you in some way so you can see where your gene traveled.
它只会和有那段序列的片段结合,从而能让你看到那段片段在哪里,你就可以知道目标基因片段到了哪个位置
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It's a gene that allows you to deliver a drug that's not active but the gene causes that active - that inactive drug to be converted into an active form that kills the cell.
这一方法利用该基因激活,另一种已经导入细胞的非活性药物,来杀死肿瘤细胞
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You get the idea here, is to deliver the gene that you're interested in directly to the tissue where it's being used and in this case, the idea is to introduce a gene that's missing.
但首先你要明确,这种思路是用来将,某个目的基因直接导入,它原本就能被利用的组织中的,此例中是导入一种缺失的基因
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Here's an example of using a large animal by inserting the gene that you're interested in, you can make this animal into a factory for the kind of protein that you would like to make.
这就是一个通过植入你所感兴趣的,基因来利用大型动物的例子,你同样能把这些动物变为,你所需要的目标蛋白的加工厂
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Here's an example where we'd like to make insulin, or having the insulin gene would be useful, but if we could take the insulin gene and make many copies of the insulin protein that would be a very useful thing.
例子就是我们人工制造胰岛素,胰岛素基因就很有用,但如果我们可以用胰岛素基因,复制很多胰岛素蛋白,这将会是非常有裨益的一件事
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If I want to clone a gene from a human, if I want to clone the gene for human isulin, mean make many copies of the gene that's responsible for making insulin, I need to know whether there are introns there or not.
如果我想要从一个人类个体克隆基因,如果我想要克隆人类胰岛素基因,亦即我要把负责生成胰岛素的基因,复制许多个副本,我就得要知道哪些是内含子,哪些不是
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Or what - and often it's not going to be just one gene, it's going to be combinations of genes, and how do you predict the fate of the individual based on all of the genes that you know to be involved in progression of a certain disease.
有时候甚至都不仅仅是一个基因的问题,引发疾病的是一些不同基因的组合,并且怎样基于,导致某种特定疾病的所有基因,来预测一个人未来是否会患这种疾病呢
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I want you to look at this picture, read the little bit about gene - control of gene expression - that's in the book, know that it's a big topic, that we're not going to talk about it except we're going to talk about some examples where control of gene expression can be exploited in order to treat diseases, for example. So I'll see you on Thursday.
所以我希望你能看一下这张图,读一些,教材里基因调控的章节,这是个很大的话题,我们不会进一步深入去探讨,但一些基因调控,用以治疗疾病的例子,我们可能还会在之后的课程中讲到,那我们周四见了
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If it's making the protein you want, it must be producing messenger RNA with that gene on it.
如果它正在制造你想要的蛋白质,它一定也在制造,你要的基因的mRNA
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When you think about a gene or a transcript, the messenger RNA copy of a gene, you know that for every sequence of a nucleic acid there's a complimentary sequence.
当你们考虑一段基因或者一个,转录一段基因的mRNA拷贝,你们知道每个核酸序列,都有互补序列
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There are molecules in cells that give the DNA the signal that it's time to transcribe and express a gene, those are called transcription factors, we'll talk about them a bit later.
在细胞中有些分子能够,给DNA发出信号告诉它,是时候转录和表达某基因了,这些分子叫做转录因子,晚些时候我们会讲它们
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