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We know that charge is equal to the integral of current times the time. And he knows the current, he knows how much time and then he weighs this.
我们知道电量等于电流,对时间的积分，他知道电流，他也知道时间，然后他测量这个。
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where we could have dinner and it was free of charge, that kind of thing.
我们可以在那里吃晚餐，而且完全免费，诸如此类的。
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So now that we have enough practice drawing Lewis structures let's talk about actually figuring out this formal charge.
那么现在我们已经做了足够多的画路易斯结构的练习,让我们来讨论一下如何得出形式电荷。
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Now the last thing is that because the neutron has no net charge, we can change neutron number.
现在，最后一件事是,因为中子没有净电子，我们可以改变中子数。
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That means that it's harder to make a market for it, so the dealer wants to charge more.
这意味着,这样的品种市场很小,所以中间商要收取更多的费用
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Well, I actually think the Russian formalists can be defended against the charge that, unbeknownst to themselves, they fall back in to form-content distinctions by insisting on this variety of dualities.
但是我认为,这些形式主义者们在不自觉中，对于形式和内容的双重性,太过偏执。
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To charge each other, is that what you're saying?
你是说相互进攻吗,是这样吗
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Because it's a gel electricity is going to move through the gel because there are ions in it the same way - for the same reason you don't drop an electrical device into the bathtub because charge moves through water that has ions in it.
由于凝胶中存在离子,电流会通过凝胶,同样--,因为同样的原因你不会把电器扔进浴缸里,因为水里也有离子,所以水可以导电
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He could divide all of that by the absolute value of the charge of the positive particle, all over the mass of the positive particle.
他可以把这整个,除以正电粒子的,电荷绝对值除以，正电粒子的质量。
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So, if we compare the sulfur to the oxygen, the oxygen it turns out is more electronegative and that is what holds the negative charge in this molecule.
因此，如果我们来比一下硫和氧，氧应该有更高的电负性,而在这个分子中它确实有负的电荷。
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The first is this the z effective, or how much charge is actually in the nucleus that's felt, Z or the I guess we would say the z, how much the charge is on the nucleus that holds it close together.
第一个是有效核电量，或者说实际感受到的核电荷量，又或者我想我可以说就是，使它们保持在一起的,原子核的电荷量。
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So that means that the more stable molecule is going to be this molecule here, which actually puts the negative charge on be more electronegative atom.
因此这意味着更稳定的分子,应该是这一个，它真正把负的电荷放到了,电负性更高的原子上。
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And let's say our second electron now is really far away, such that it's actually not going to shield any of the nuclear charge at all from that first electron.
距离原子核非常非常近,我们说第二个电子处于非常远的位置,这样它不会对第一个电子,感受到的来自原子核的电荷量有任何屏蔽作用,我们最后要说的是。
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And this spin is an intrinsic quality of the electron, it's a property that is intrinsic in all particles, just like we would say mass is intrinsic or charge is intrinsic.
自旋是电子的本征量，它是所有粒子的本征性质，就像我们说质量是本征的或者电荷是本征的。
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So for example, that might have a formal charge of negative 1, because to some extent it has gained that much electron density that it now has a formal charge that's negative.
比如，可能它的形式电荷为负一，因为在一定程度上它得到了这么多的共用电子密度,那么它现在就有了负的形式电荷。
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So if you have some charge in the nucleus, but you also have repulsion with another electron, the net attractive charge that a given electron going to feel is actually less than that total charge in the nucleus.
所以如果在原子核中，有一些电荷但是你也有来自，另一个电子的排斥力,那么一个给定电子的,吸引电荷感觉到的事实上,小于原子核中的总电荷。
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