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And in particular, dairy maids, whose responsibility was to milk cows, and so they had a very intimate relationship with cattle, often didn't get disease.
特别是挤奶女工,她们的工作就是挤奶,她们与奶牛有紧密的关系,通常不会得天花
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In addition to Jenner, there was a farmer named Benjamin Jesty, who recognized that farmers, being in contact with cows, didn't get disease as often as non-farmers did.
除了詹纳,还有个叫本杰明?加斯特的农民,他发现与奶牛接触的农民,不像其他人那样容易患天花
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It worked for them, they didn't have all these chronic diseases like we have, now they had other challenges, infectious diseases primarily, but they didn't have the chronic diseases like we have, like cancer, heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, etc., and Diabetes particularly.
这曾对祖先们奏效,他们不像我们会得一些慢性疾病,但他们要面对其他的挑战,主要是传染性疾病,但他们不像我们那样受着慢性疾病的困扰,如癌症,心脏病,高血压和高脂血等,特别是糖尿病
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And she said she had some sort of lung disease and she couldn't get out of Paris and she knew where every tomb was.
她说她有某种肺病,她不能离开巴黎,她知道每座坟墓的位置
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Why is disease bad? Well, among other things, it means perhaps that you can't enjoy yourself.
疾病为什么是坏的？不算其他，它意味着你不能享受生活。
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So in those circumstances, I'm an advocate of active euthanasia. I think it is just as if you have a dog who was dying from some disease, you wouldn't say, well we just let nature take its call.
所以这种情况下，我通常会,支持安乐死，我认为,这就像是你的狗得了病,马上就要死了，你不会说，嗯，我们顺其自然吧。
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So people were dying of old age and that was really heart disease that was killing them they just didn't know, so it's multi-factorial and we'll talk about that.
老死的人实际是死于心脏病,只不过人们不知道这一点罢了,这是个多因素的问题,我们以后会进一步探讨
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They live much longer lives and they live to die of something else and the leading causes of death currently haven't changed very much since 1997 when this data was published: they die of heart disease and cancer primarily.
人们活的更久了,不过会死于另一些疾病,如今导致死亡的主要原因,并没有太大的变化,自一九九七年有相关数据公开开始,其显示人们主要死于心脏病和癌症
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Now, in the case of weight and cardiovascular disease, the lines depicting men and women don't differ very much but here they do.
在刚才的体重与心血管疾病的关系研究中,性别差异并不明显,但是在这里却有明显的性别差异
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So, you couldn't introduce the live virus in because that would cause the disease not just immunity.
所以 不可以直接接种活体病毒,因为这会使人致病而不仅是引起免疫应答
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So the problem of infectious disease prevention and treatment isn't solved yet, you know this, right?
传染病预防和治疗的问题,现在仍然没有解决,你们应该了解,对吧
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The fact of the matter is, demon theory doesn't do a very good job of explaining disease, while germ theory does do a good job.
事实上,恶魔理论并不能很好地解释疾病的问题,而微生物理论却能将问题分析得很透彻
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So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease.
因为天花病毒存在天然的衰减病毒,这种衰减病毒可以用来,直接生产不致病的疫苗
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So, you're treating healthy people and you're trying to prevent them from getting a disease and you don't know who's going to get it.
所以,你处治的对象是健康人群,要使他们远离疾病,但你不知道谁会被感染
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Millions of humans affected by Alzheimer's disease, other species don't get Alzheimer's disease.
上百万人受阿尔茨海默氏症的侵扰,其它物种并不会得这种病
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Because you had the vaccine, presumably, and so you didn't get the disease.
不难猜测因为你接种了疫苗,所以你就不得这病了
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We'll think about it in section, how you don't need to vaccinate everybody, but you just need to vaccinate a critical number in order to stop the disease from progressing through a community.
我们在讨论会上讲这个,为什么不需要给每个人都接种,但你只需要让接种人数达到一个临界值,就能阻止这个疾病在社会中传播
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Well, it also illustrates that one of the things you do after you introduce a vaccine, you can't stop there, you have to continually watch what's happening with this disease in your population.
同时,也告诉我们,将疫苗推向公众后,你不能就此放手,你必须得继续观察,接种过疫苗的人中,该疾病的发病情况
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Right. So, he took fluid from a cowpox lesion on a cow, and he injected it into his children and his wife, reasoning that this would protect them from disease, even though they didn't have as much contact with cows as farmers did.
就是这样,他从奶牛身上的,天花瘢痕中取出液体,将之注入他的妻儿体内,认为这样可以保护他们不得天花,即使他们并不像农民一样时时与奶牛接触
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