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The immune system, some cells of the immune system, in particular this class of T-cells called CD8 cells have receptors which recognize MHC1.
免疫系统,其中一些免疫细胞,特别是T细胞中的,CD8细胞含有可识别MHC1的受体
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There are proteins, for example, on the surface of some cells that bind insulin and respond to the presence of insulin.
比如说蛋白,有些细胞表面上的蛋白,捕获胰岛素并且对胰岛素进行应答
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Some of them have the capability of becoming white blood cells, or leukocytes, of which there are many different subsets.
一些能够成为白细胞,或称白血球,白细胞又分很多的亚类
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It varies in its structure among cells of the nervous system but all synapses have some properties in common.
突触结构因神经系统细胞不同而不同,但突触都有某些共同属性
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Cells can stop in their lifetime at some point in the cell cycle and persist for long periods of time.
细胞生命期可以停止在细胞周期的某个点,并保持很长时间
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If you isolate those immature cells, some of them are less mature than others, some of them have more potential than others.
如果分离这些未成熟细胞,会发现有一些细胞成熟程度更低,它们比其他细胞更具潜能
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Now, this is in the resting state of all cells, there's some membrane potential and neurons have this resting membrane potential also.
现在这是一个静息状态的细胞,它具有膜电位,神经元也具有类似的静息电位
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Some of those differences in cells are obvious if you look at the cells in an adult organism.
你留心观察某个成年的生物,就会发现某些细胞分化极其明显
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The cells of this surrounding sheet have become different in some way and they develop into the placenta and the extra embryonic tissues.
环抱在周围的这一层细胞,已经开始逐渐分化,最终成为胎盘,及额外的胚胎组织
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We've been talking about single cell or some subset of cells and propagating them so that you get a larger population of cells.
我们说到了一个细胞,或者一组细胞进行繁殖以后,你就能得到数目可观的细胞
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Some of them have the capability of becoming red blood cells which carry oxygen in the blood.
一些能够成为红细胞,红细胞是血中携氧的细胞
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You would like to get the gene that you're interested in expressed in some population of cells within the body but not in other cells.
我们希望目的基因,在一些细胞中表达,在另一些中不表达
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In some senses most of the cells in our body are stuck to a surface.
大部分情况下,我们体内的细胞都黏联在某个表面上
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It's no longer just a round spherical mass of cells, but it has some structure.
不再只是一个球状的细胞团,它有了一定的结构
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and tissues are collections of cells that are working in synchrony for some function.
组织则是一些,同步完成相同功能的细胞的集合
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Some small subsets do but most of the cells in your brain don't proliferate and that's because they get trapped at one portion of the cell cycle.
除了很小一部分以外大部分脑细胞不增殖,这是因为,它们停滞于细胞周期的某个阶段
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The size of the cells could be different; maybe mitosis is asymmetrical in some way so that one of the cells ends up being bigger than the other.
细胞大小可能会不同,也许有丝分裂的过程是不对称的,致使子细胞一个大一个小
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How we could take cells that are differentiated to some extent and make them de-differentiate, to go back in the process of differentiation so that they gain more potential.
我们如何把一些已经分化到,一定程度的细胞去分化,使其回到分化之前,重新获得更多的潜能
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They might be capable of forming all of the cells of the nervous system; they might still have some potency to form other things that are similar to the nervous system.
它们也许可以生成,所有神经系统的细胞,也许还有一些生成和神经系统类似的,其他东西的潜能
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As we've found cells from adult organisms that seem to be multipotential and studied them more carefully, some of their potentials turn out to be lost, they're not exactly the same.
因为我们在成人机体中找到,这些看上去是多能干细胞的细胞后,仔细研究后发现它们的一些潜能已经丢失,和胚胎中的那些并不一样
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Because the cells are the fundamental component of our bodies; very interesting because all of our cells in our body share many characteristics and some of those characteristics are shown on this picture.
因为细胞是我们身体的基本构成单位,这非常有意思,因为我们身体里所有细胞,有许多共同的特征,而其中的一些特征展示在了这幅图中
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So organs are made up of combinations of tissues where all the tissues are collections of cells that are doing some function, nervous tissue, muscular tissue, epithelial tissue, those are examples of tissues that form organs.
所以器官是由各种组织组合而成,所有的组织都是,具有某些功能的细胞集合,神经组织,肌肉组织,上皮组织,这些都是由组织构成器官的例子
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The other way that they define - or find stem cells is that over the years of studying them we've begun to recognize some of the proteins, the specific proteins that are produced by these characteristic cells.
而另外一种能让研究人员定位,或者找到干细胞的方法就是,多年研究后,我们开始能识别一些蛋白,这些特定的蛋白是由,这种特殊的细胞生成的
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We're going to talk in some detail, not a very high level of detail, but in some detail about how this communication takes place between cells and how the information is passed down one of these cells today.
我们还要讨论些细节问题,但不是太深,今天只讲细胞间通讯的发生原理,和信息怎样从一个细胞传递到另一个细胞
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I digressed a little from this diagram but I think you've gotten the picture that as I move to more adult organisms, as I move to more specific regions of the brain, for example, I can still find progenitor cells that have some potential.
我不太认同这张图表,不过我认为随着我说到成人机体,你们已经在脑海中有这样的概念了,我在更特异性的区域,比如大脑中,仍能找到有一定潜能的祖细胞
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When transcription happens and it turns out that there's a whole biology associated with this, including molecules that are floating around inside your cells called transcription factors, and their job-- they are molecules that are about particular genes and what some of the sequences and are able to turn on those genes inside cells, to make them transcribe.
研究证明,当细胞转录时,还有与之相关的一整套生物机制在运作,包括一种在你细胞中飘浮着的,称为转录因子的分子,它们的工作就是,它们知道该转录哪一段基因,该转录哪一段序列,然后把这些细胞中的基因激活,进行转录
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Now, in the process of doing that they found some very rare stem cells that are called pluripotent, pluri just means many potencies.
如今在这种研究进行的过程中,他们发现了一些非常稀少的干细胞,称为多能干细胞,pluri这个前缀就是指很多能力
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Some of them become what are called memory cells.
一部分B淋巴细胞成为记忆细胞
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