To put it the way cognitive scientists and psychologists and neuroscientists like to put it, "The mind is what the brain does."
认知学家,心理学家,以及神经学家,总结道,"心理是大脑活动的产物"
Researchers and scientists have been able to improve quality of life recently exponentially
研究者和科学家能够大幅度提高人类的生活质量,
Today you might say political scientists and social scientists they're more modest in ascribing priority to any particular branch of knowledge.
今日,你会说,政治科学家与社会科学家,较不敢将这种优先考虑,加到任何特定的。
There are a couple of tissues that are of particular interest to scientists and clinicians now and bone marrow is one of those.
有一些组织现在受到,科学家和临床工作者的关注,骨髓就是其中之一
They come so instinctively and easily it's difficult, and sort of unnatural, to step back and explore them scientifically but if we're going to be scientists and look at the mind from a scientific perspective we have to get a sort of distance from ourselves and ask questions that other people would not normally think to ask.
他们来得如此本能,容易,这是困难的,有某种超自然韵味,退后,从科学角度研究他们,但如果我们打算成为科学家,从科学角度,看待心理,我们需同我们自身保持某种距离,问问题,问其他人通常不想问的。
And once he did that, both he and many other scientists, could then, once they understood what caused the fluorescence, make little changes to the actual protein, and tune what the properties of that fluorescent protein were.
而且一旦他做成了这个,一旦他们弄清楚了是什么导致萤光,他和其它很多科学家,就可以对蛋白质做微小的改变,调节蛋白质的荧光性质。
How many of you have heard the term used before? How may have you heard the term used before in terms of programming languages? Great. For the rest you, don't sweat it. This is a highfalutin term that computer scientists use to try and make them look like they're smarter than they really are.
这里就要引入递归的概念了,你们中有多少人以前听过这个词?,你们中有多少人在编程语言中,用过这个词?,很好,剩下的同学也不要担心,这是电脑科学家们用来让自己,显得更聪明的夸张词汇。
One is how important it is to have more accurate measurement and how important it is for scientists to get a better handle on what people are eating.
其一是精确测量,是多么重要,对科学家来说,更好的处理人们吃了什么有多重要
And runners proved the doctors and scientists-- proved that they were right and ran the mile in two seconds and 4 minutes, one second, but no runner could run the mile in under 4 minutes, ever since the mile was actually timed-- when they started to time runs.
跑手们证明了医生和科学家…,证明了他们是对的,一英里跑四分钟两秒,四分钟一秒,但没有跑手能少于四分钟,从一英里跑计时以来-,当人们开始计时跑时。
And just as a fun aside, we also realized as computer scientists that sometimes technology is not the answer.
抛开趣味性不提,我们意识到作一个,计算机科学家来说技术,并不是我们要的最终答案。
You might remember vaguely logarithms from high school math and such but what this suggests for us , the computer scientists, is that this is certainly a smarter, a faster algorithm.
你可能还会依稀记得,高中数学里的对数,这就给了我们这些计算机科学家们,一些启示,即,这种算法更智能,更迅速。
And some computer scientists have developed this.
这是有些计算机科学家研究出来的。
And I don't know why, but since time immemorial that is the way computer scientists have drawn trees.
叶子是在最下面的,我不知道为什么,但从记事以来他们就是这么画树的,这也许就是为什么我们。
And scientists have been working on this for years and there's been progress, but it's still a very difficult challenge.
科学家们对此已经研究很久了,并取得了进展,但仍有很大挑战
It was impossible-- doctors and scientists showed, runners, athletes, the top-ones in the world proved that the doctors were right.
那是不可能的,医生和科学家证明了,跑手,运动员,世上顶尖选手证明了医生们是对的。
And at first this was done by Davidson and Germer, and they were American scientists who tried diffracting electrons from a nickel crystal.
这个实验首先是由,美国科学家Davidson和Germer完成的,他们尝试从镍晶体中衍射电子。
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