So for example, if we think about fluorine, 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 5 that has an electron configuration of 1 s 2, 2 s 2, 2 p 5, so all we would need to do is add one more electron to get the same configuration as for neon.

比如，如果我们考虑氟原子的话，它的电子排布是，因此我们所需要做的就是给它加上一个电子,使得它与氖原子的电子排布相同。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

We'll start with talking about the shape, just like we did with the s orbitals, and then move on to those radial probability distributions and compare the radial probability at different radius for p orbital versus an s orbital.

想我们对待ｓ轨道那样，我们先讨论ｐ轨道的形状，然后是径向概率密度分布,并且把ｓ轨道和ｐ轨道在,不同半径处的径向概率做一个比较。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

pdv It's an isothermal expansion, so dw is just negative p dV.

因此dw等于负，这就是。

麻省理工公开课 - 热力学与动力学课程节选

That's great, but it's still not quite the picture we need, because actually, - all the electrons are not in equal orbitals -- one's in an s orbital, and 3 are in p.

这很好，但这还不是我们想要的图像，因为实际上，所有的电子不是在相同的轨道里的-,一个在s轨道里，3个在p轨道里。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So for example, if you know how to draw an s orbital for a hydrogen atom, then you already know how to draw the shape of an s orbital or a p orbital for argon.

举个例子，如果你们知道如果画,氢原子的s轨道，那么你们已经知道如何去,画氩的s轨道和p轨道的形状。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So now let's look at an example where we talk about using these 2 p z orbitals, so let's look at oxygen.

现在让我们来看一个要,用到2pz轨道的例子，让我们来看一下氧。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

All right, so in terms of s p 3 hybrid orbitals, let's combine all four together on one axis, because this is what's going to happen in an s p 3 carbon atom.

对于sp3杂化轨道，让我们把4个结合起来，因为这是sp3碳原子中发生的情况。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So that's true for a hydrogen atom, it doesn't matter if you're in a p or an s orbital, their energies are the same.

这对于氢原子来说是这样的，不论是p或，者s轨道，能量是一样的。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So, for example, it's not just the 2 p that we could actually take an electron from, we could also think about ejecting an electron from the 2 s orbital.

比如，我们不只可以从，2，p，轨道上,打出一个电子，还能考虑从，2，s，轨道上,发射出一个电子。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So think about what that means, we're, of course, not talking about this in classical terms, so what it means if we have an electron in the 2 p orbital, it's more likely, the probability is that will be closer to the nucleus than it would be if it were in the 2 s orbital.

想想这意味着什么，我们不是从经典的角度考虑，这意味着如果我们有个电子在2p轨道上，它更有可能比在2s轨道上,更加靠近原子核。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So essentially, each of these orbitals come from linear combinations of all of the original orbitals, and it's hard to picture exactly how that happens, but one that you can at least start to get an idea is if you think about combining the 2 s and the 2 p z here, which is not quite accurate because of course, we're combining all of them.

本质上，这些轨道每个都来,自原来所有轨道的线性组合，我们很难想象这是怎么发生的，但你们可以至少有个概念,如果你们考虑2s和2pz轨道的结合，这当然是不太准确的，因为我们要把所有的都组合起来。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选