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HIV is a member of the family of viruses called retroviruses, and retroviruses all use RNA as their genetic material.
IV是一种逆转录病毒,所有逆转录病毒均以RNA作为遗传物质
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Of course, if you degrade the messenger RNA at a rapid rate then you'll stop expression of the cells.
如果降解信使RNA的速度很快的话,就会停止细胞的表达
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So and are interchangeable in a sense that appears where would appear in RNA and appears where would appear in DNA.
某种意义上和是可互换的,在RNA中以U替代了T,在DNA中以T取代了U
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Certain double stranded RNA sequences will cause in the cell a process of degradation of very specific RNA sequence.
一些双链RNA序列能够在细胞中开启,特定RNA序列的降解程序
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It's called cDNA or complimentary DNA to indicate that it's a copy, a complimentary copy of the messenger RNA.
它叫cDNA或者互补DNA,意味着它是一个拷贝,一个信使RNA反转录得出的DNA拷贝
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You've heard about RNA interference, for example, and that is the process of stopping this, to stop a gene from being expressed.
比如说,你们听说过的RNA干扰,就是一种阻止,基因表达的手段
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Transcription just means making a single stranded RNA copy of a sequence of base pairs in a DNA.
转录的过程就是从一段DNA碱基序列中,复制出一段单链RNA
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It requires RNA processing to happen smoothly, so if you can interfere with RNA processing you can stop a gene from being expressed.
转录需要RNA的顺利加工,因此如果你能干扰RNA加工过程,你就能阻止一段基因的表达
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That information gets put into action through a process, a biological process called transcription, where particular regions of DNA are transcribed into RNA.
信息通过某种过程起到作用,这个生物学过程叫转录,在转录过程中,DNA的特定区域转录成RNA
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For example, this transfer RNA has a unit here, at one end of the transfer RNA molecule.
举个例子,这个tRNA的一端,有一个GAG的碱基序列单元
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Translation occurs by a special kind of polymerization where these transfer RNA's operate by Watson-Crick base pairing.
翻译过程是一种特殊的聚合过程,当tRNA按照,沃森克里克碱基互补配对原则进行配对
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If the messenger RNA for protein is not present in a cell, then that can't be translated, obviously, and the protein can't be made.
如果细胞中没有,用来合成蛋白质的mRNA,那就不能进行翻译,很明显,蛋白质也不能被合成
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And your cells making transfer RNA, if they make a transfer RNA molecule that has here, they only put leucine at the other end.
你的细胞在生成tRNA的过程中,如果生成的tRNA序列是GAG,那它的另一端携带的就只能是亮氨酸
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It gets converted into a protein, insulin, only in those cells that are able to make the RNA that are able to express the protein.
只有在能表达,胰岛素蛋白RNA的细胞里,基因才能指导产生胰岛素
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Now remember that only appears in DNA and appears in RNA, and so can also form a hydrogen binding pair with .
还要记住T只出现在DNA中,而U出现在RNA中,U和A也可以通过氢键结合就可以了
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Before, we talked about how do you know what messenger RNA to make, how do you know what RNA to copy from a DNA template?
在之前的课上,我们说到如何判断mRNA的具体序列,如何判断RNA从DNA模板复制了什么
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We talked very superficially about the biological process going from DNA to protein, so the process of transcription, RNA processing, and translation to produce a protein.
我们粗浅地讲了下,从DNA到蛋白质的生物学过程,即转录,RNA加工,以及翻译得到蛋白质的全过程
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In this same way, this process of transcription which is occurring in cells throughout body all the time is made possible by a protein called RNA polymerase.
NA的合成也很类似,身体内每个细胞内,转录过程的进行都是在一种称作,RNA聚合酶的蛋白质催化下进行的
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We don't need to really talk about all the molecular detail in order to completely describe a DNA or an RNA molecule because these structures repeat themselves.
我们在完整的描述一个DNA或RNA时,不需要说明,分子上的每一个细节,因为它们的结构都是重复的
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Well, that anti-sense strand is shown here as the red and the cell is naturally making the blue or sense strand of messenger RNA for a particular protein.
好的,反义链在这里以红色表示,细胞自身会造出合成某种,特定的蛋白质的蓝色RNA正义链
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If I told you that 'draw me a nucleotide from RNA that has ', you could go back to this picture and you could draw the whole thing.
如果让你找RNA中碱基是A的核苷酸,你可以看着这个图,就能找出其全部结构
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I told you that that's driven by a protein called RNA polymerase.
此过程由称为RNA聚合酶的蛋白所介导
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This isn't particularly important for us to know here, but that messenger RNA gets converted into a protein of a specific composition through a biological process called translation is important.
我们这里不特别强调这个,但mRNA转换成一个,特定蛋白质的过程,我们称之为翻译过程,是非常重要的
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When you think about a gene or a transcript, the messenger RNA copy of a gene, you know that for every sequence of a nucleic acid there's a complimentary sequence.
当你们考虑一段基因或者一个,转录一段基因的mRNA拷贝,你们知道每个核酸序列,都有互补序列
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It allows RNA to be made from a DNA template.
它催化从DNA模板生成RNA的过程
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RNA is converted into protein by a process called translation.
NA通过一个被称作翻译的过程,来指导生产蛋白质
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So this is a monomer or a single unit from an RNA molecule, you know that because it's ribose and it's the particular molecule that has as its organic base.
所以这是一个RNA单体,即RNA上一个单独结构单位,你通过核糖,和碱基就能够确认它是RNA,这个RNA单体的碱基为A
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If you can interfere with any stage in RNA processing you can stop a gene from being expressed and this is a very hot topic in molecular biology now and human therapeutics.
如果你能干扰RNA加工的任何一个阶段,你就能阻止一段基因的表达,这也是当今分子生物学,和新型疗法中非常热门的话题
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A newer version of this that works in a similar way but a different way is called RNA interference, and it turns out that this is a natural mechanism that cells have.
NA干扰是这类方法的新秀,它的原理与其大同小异,已经证实 这是细胞的自然机制
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